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BIAL Foundation
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DE:"Belief in science"
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Type Title Begin End
DocumentDifferences in cognitive-perceptual factors arising from variations in self professed paranormal ability 2021

Reference code: PT/FB
Entity holding: BIAL Foundation
Location: S. Mamede do Coronado
Title:
BIAL Foundation Archive
Start date: 1994
History:
The BIAL Foundation was created in 1994 by Laboratórios BIAL in conjunction with the Council of Rectors of Portuguese Universities. BIAL’s Foundation mission is to foster the scientific study of Man from both the physical and spiritual perspectives.
Along the years the BIAL Foundation has developed an important relationship with the scientific community, first in Portugal and after worldwide. Today it is an institution of reference which aims to stimulate new researches that may help people, promote more health and contribute to new milestones to gain access to knowledge.
Among its activities the BIAL Foundation manages the BIAL Award, created in 1984, one of the most important awards in the Health field in Europe. The BIAL Award rewards both the basic and the clinical research distinguishing works of major impact in medical research.
The BIAL Foundation also assigns Scientific Research Scholarships for the study of neurophysiological and mental health in people, arousing the interest of researchers in the areas of Psychophysiology and Parapsychology.
To date the BIAL Foundation has supported 461 projects, more than 1000 researchers, with research groups in twenty-seven countries, resulting, until April 2013, in about 600 full papers, out of which 172 published in indexed international journals with an average impact factor of 3.6 and a substantial number of citations (1665).
Since 1996 the BIAL Foundation organizes the Symposia entitled "Behind and Beyond the Brain", a Forum that gathers well renowned neurosciences speakers and the BIAL Foundation Fellows which are spread around the world.
Classified as an institution of public utility, the BIAL Foundation includes among its patrons the Portuguese President, the Portuguese Universities Rectors' Council and the Portuguese Medical Association.
URL: http://www.bial.com/pt/
Accessibility: By permission

Reference code: PT/FB/BL
Entity holding: BIAL Foundation
Title: BIAL Grants
Start date: 1994
History:
In 1994 the BIAL Foundation launched a programme of science research grants with the aim of encouraging the research into Man’s physical and mental processes, namely in fields still largely unexplored but which warrant further scientific analysis, as Psychophysiology and Parapsychology.
Since its launch, applications to the BIAL grants have been increasing. Up to now 461 projects have been supported, involving more than 1000 researchers from 27 countries.
The approved applications have benefited from grants in amounts comprised between €5,000 and €50, 000. The amount to be granted is fixed by the Scientific board according to the needs of each project.
The supported projects have originated, until April 2013, in about 600 full papers, 172 out of which were published in indexed international journals with an average impact factor of 3.6 and a substantial number of citations (1665).
Among the BIAL Foundation fellows is worth highlighting the presence of scientists from prestigious universities from the United States, United Kingdom, Australia, Russia, Germany, Japan, France, Canada, and many others.
The BIAL grants are promoted biannually.

Reference code: PT/FB/BL-2018
Location: BF-GMS
Title:
2018 Grants
Start date: 2019-01

Reference code: PT/FB/BL-2018-082
Location: BF-GMS
Title:
082 - Neuropsychological and cognitive-perceptual characteristics of mediums and psychics
Duration: 2019-04 - 2023-07
Researcher(s):
Ken Drinkwater
Institution(s): Health Psychology and Communities, Manchester Metropolitan University (UK)
Contents: Contents:
Application form
Correspondence
Research Funding Agreement
Progress report
Fnal report
Articles
Language: eng
Author:
Drinkwater, K.
Number of reproductions:
2
Keywords:
Mediumship / Psychic ability / Neuropsychology / Cognitive-perceptual / Parapsychology

Reference code: PT/FB/BL-2018-082.04
Location: BF-GMS
Title:
Differences in cognitive-perceptual factors arising from variations in self professed paranormal ability
Publication year: 2021
URL:
https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.681520/full
Abstract/Results: This study examined whether scores on indices related to subclinical delusion formation and thinking style varied as a function of level of self-professed paranormal ability. To assess this, the researchers compared three groups differing in personal ascription of paranormal powers: no ability, self-professed ability, and paranormal practitioners (i.e., Mediums, Psychics, Spiritualists, and Fortune-Tellers). Paranormal practitioners (compared with no and self-professed ability conditions) were expected to score higher on paranormal belief, proneness to reality testing deficits, emotion-based reasoning, and lower on belief in science. Comparable differences were predicted between the self-professed and no ability conditions. A sample of 917 respondents (329 males, 588 females) completed self-report measures online. Multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA) revealed an overall main effect. Further investigation, using discriminant descriptive analysis, indicated that paranormal practitioners scored higher on proneness to reality testing deficits, paranormal belief, and emotion-based reasoning. Belief in science did not meaningfully contribute to the discriminant function. Overall, results were consistent with previous academic work in the domains of paranormal belief and experience, which has reported that paranormal-related cognitions and perceptions are associated with factors related to subclinical delusion formation (i.e., emotion-based/intuitive thinking).
Accessibility: Document exists in file
Language:
eng
Author:
Drinkwater, K. G.
Secondary author(s):
Dagnall, N., Denovan, A., Williams, C.
Document type:
Article
Number of reproductions:
2
Percentiles:
45.95|0.49
Reference:
Drinkwater, K. G., Dagnall, N., Denovan, A., & Williams C. (2021). Differences in cognitive-perceptual factors arising from variations in self-professed paranormal ability. Frontiers in Psychology, 12, 681520. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.681520
2-year Impact Factor: 4.232|2021
Times cited: 7|2026-02-13
Indexed document: Yes
Quartile: Q2
Keywords: Delusion formation / Thinking style / Paranormal ability and belief / Reality testing / Emotion-based reasoning / Belief in science

Differences in cognitive-perceptual factors arising from variations in self professed paranormal ability

Differences in cognitive-perceptual factors arising from variations in self professed paranormal ability

DocumentParanormal belief, thinking style and delusion formation: A latent profile analysis of within-individual variations in experience-based paranormal facets2021

Reference code: PT/FB
Entity holding: BIAL Foundation
Location: S. Mamede do Coronado
Title:
BIAL Foundation Archive
Start date: 1994
History:
The BIAL Foundation was created in 1994 by Laboratórios BIAL in conjunction with the Council of Rectors of Portuguese Universities. BIAL’s Foundation mission is to foster the scientific study of Man from both the physical and spiritual perspectives.
Along the years the BIAL Foundation has developed an important relationship with the scientific community, first in Portugal and after worldwide. Today it is an institution of reference which aims to stimulate new researches that may help people, promote more health and contribute to new milestones to gain access to knowledge.
Among its activities the BIAL Foundation manages the BIAL Award, created in 1984, one of the most important awards in the Health field in Europe. The BIAL Award rewards both the basic and the clinical research distinguishing works of major impact in medical research.
The BIAL Foundation also assigns Scientific Research Scholarships for the study of neurophysiological and mental health in people, arousing the interest of researchers in the areas of Psychophysiology and Parapsychology.
To date the BIAL Foundation has supported 461 projects, more than 1000 researchers, with research groups in twenty-seven countries, resulting, until April 2013, in about 600 full papers, out of which 172 published in indexed international journals with an average impact factor of 3.6 and a substantial number of citations (1665).
Since 1996 the BIAL Foundation organizes the Symposia entitled "Behind and Beyond the Brain", a Forum that gathers well renowned neurosciences speakers and the BIAL Foundation Fellows which are spread around the world.
Classified as an institution of public utility, the BIAL Foundation includes among its patrons the Portuguese President, the Portuguese Universities Rectors' Council and the Portuguese Medical Association.
URL: http://www.bial.com/pt/
Accessibility: By permission

Reference code: PT/FB/BL
Entity holding: BIAL Foundation
Title: BIAL Grants
Start date: 1994
History:
In 1994 the BIAL Foundation launched a programme of science research grants with the aim of encouraging the research into Man’s physical and mental processes, namely in fields still largely unexplored but which warrant further scientific analysis, as Psychophysiology and Parapsychology.
Since its launch, applications to the BIAL grants have been increasing. Up to now 461 projects have been supported, involving more than 1000 researchers from 27 countries.
The approved applications have benefited from grants in amounts comprised between €5,000 and €50, 000. The amount to be granted is fixed by the Scientific board according to the needs of each project.
The supported projects have originated, until April 2013, in about 600 full papers, 172 out of which were published in indexed international journals with an average impact factor of 3.6 and a substantial number of citations (1665).
Among the BIAL Foundation fellows is worth highlighting the presence of scientists from prestigious universities from the United States, United Kingdom, Australia, Russia, Germany, Japan, France, Canada, and many others.
The BIAL grants are promoted biannually.

Reference code: PT/FB/BL-2018
Location: BF-GMS
Title:
2018 Grants
Start date: 2019-01

Reference code: PT/FB/BL-2018-082
Location: BF-GMS
Title:
082 - Neuropsychological and cognitive-perceptual characteristics of mediums and psychics
Duration: 2019-04 - 2023-07
Researcher(s):
Ken Drinkwater
Institution(s): Health Psychology and Communities, Manchester Metropolitan University (UK)
Contents: Contents:
Application form
Correspondence
Research Funding Agreement
Progress report
Fnal report
Articles
Language: eng
Author:
Drinkwater, K.
Number of reproductions:
2
Keywords:
Mediumship / Psychic ability / Neuropsychology / Cognitive-perceptual / Parapsychology

Reference code: PT/FB/BL-2018-082.05
Location: BF-GMS
Title:
Paranormal belief, thinking style and delusion formation: A latent profile analysis of within-individual variations in experience-based paranormal facets
Publication year: 2021
URL:
https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.670959/full
Abstract/Results: This study examined the degree to which within-individual variations in paranormal experience were related to belief in the paranormal, preferential thinking style, and delusion formation. A sample of 956 non-clinical adults completed measures assessing experience-based paranormal indices (i.e., paranormal experience, paranormal practitioner visiting, and paranormal ability), paranormal belief, belief in science, proneness to reality testing deficits, and emotion-based reasoning. Latent profile analysis (LPA) combined the experience-based indices to produce six underlying groups. Inter-class comparison via multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA) indicated that both breadth and intensity of experiential factors were associated with higher belief in in the paranormal, increased proneness to reality testing deficits, and greater emotion-based reasoning. Belief in science, however, was less susceptible to experiential variations. Further analysis of reality testing subscales revealed that experiential profiles influenced levels of intrapsychic activity in subtle and intricate ways, especially those indexing Auditory and Visual Hallucinations and Delusional Thinking. Collectively, identification of profiles and inter-class comparisons provided a sophisticated understanding of the relative contribution of experiential factors to differences in paranormal belief, belief in science, proneness to reality testing deficits, and emotion-based reasoning.
Accessibility: Document exists in file
Language:
eng
Author:
Drinkwater, K. G.
Secondary author(s):
Dagnall, N., Denovan, A., Williams, C.
Document type:
Article
Number of reproductions:
2
Percentiles:
82.93|1.56
Reference:
Drinkwater, K. G., Dagnall, N., Denovan, A., & Williams, C. (2021) Paranormal belief, thinking style and delusion formation: A latent profile analysis of within-individual variations in experience-based paranormal facets. Frontiers in Psychology, 12, 670959. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.670959
2-year Impact Factor: 4.232|2021
Times cited: 22|2026-02-13
Indexed document: Yes
Quartile: Q2
Keywords: Paranormal belief/experience / Reality testing / Emotion-based reasoning / Belief in science / Delusion proneness / Latent profile analysis

Paranormal belief, thinking style and delusion formation: A latent profile analysis of within-individual variations in experience-based paranormal facets

Paranormal belief, thinking style and delusion formation: A latent profile analysis of within-individual variations in experience-based paranormal facets
DocumentThe relationship between illusory health beliefs, recommended health behaviours, and complementary and alternative medicine: An investigation across multiple time points2025

Reference code: PT/FB
Entity holding: BIAL Foundation
Location: S. Mamede do Coronado
Title:
BIAL Foundation Archive
Start date: 1994
History:
The BIAL Foundation was created in 1994 by Laboratórios BIAL in conjunction with the Council of Rectors of Portuguese Universities. BIAL’s Foundation mission is to foster the scientific study of Man from both the physical and spiritual perspectives.
Along the years the BIAL Foundation has developed an important relationship with the scientific community, first in Portugal and after worldwide. Today it is an institution of reference which aims to stimulate new researches that may help people, promote more health and contribute to new milestones to gain access to knowledge.
Among its activities the BIAL Foundation manages the BIAL Award, created in 1984, one of the most important awards in the Health field in Europe. The BIAL Award rewards both the basic and the clinical research distinguishing works of major impact in medical research.
The BIAL Foundation also assigns Scientific Research Scholarships for the study of neurophysiological and mental health in people, arousing the interest of researchers in the areas of Psychophysiology and Parapsychology.
To date the BIAL Foundation has supported 461 projects, more than 1000 researchers, with research groups in twenty-seven countries, resulting, until April 2013, in about 600 full papers, out of which 172 published in indexed international journals with an average impact factor of 3.6 and a substantial number of citations (1665).
Since 1996 the BIAL Foundation organizes the Symposia entitled "Behind and Beyond the Brain", a Forum that gathers well renowned neurosciences speakers and the BIAL Foundation Fellows which are spread around the world.
Classified as an institution of public utility, the BIAL Foundation includes among its patrons the Portuguese President, the Portuguese Universities Rectors' Council and the Portuguese Medical Association.
URL: http://www.bial.com/pt/
Accessibility: By permission

Reference code: PT/FB/BL
Entity holding: BIAL Foundation
Title: BIAL Grants
Start date: 1994
History:
In 1994 the BIAL Foundation launched a programme of science research grants with the aim of encouraging the research into Man’s physical and mental processes, namely in fields still largely unexplored but which warrant further scientific analysis, as Psychophysiology and Parapsychology.
Since its launch, applications to the BIAL grants have been increasing. Up to now 461 projects have been supported, involving more than 1000 researchers from 27 countries.
The approved applications have benefited from grants in amounts comprised between €5,000 and €50, 000. The amount to be granted is fixed by the Scientific board according to the needs of each project.
The supported projects have originated, until April 2013, in about 600 full papers, 172 out of which were published in indexed international journals with an average impact factor of 3.6 and a substantial number of citations (1665).
Among the BIAL Foundation fellows is worth highlighting the presence of scientists from prestigious universities from the United States, United Kingdom, Australia, Russia, Germany, Japan, France, Canada, and many others.
The BIAL grants are promoted biannually.

Reference code: PT/FB/BL-2022
Location: BF-GMS
Title:
2022 Grants
Start date: 2023-01

Reference code: PT/FB/BL-2022-069
Location: BF-GMS
Title:
069 - Psychometric validation of a questionnaire for assessing paranormal health beliefs and statistically modelling the effects of the construct on health outcomes longitudinally
Duration: 2023-06 - 2025-07
Researcher(s):
Andrew Denovan
Institution(s): Department of People and Performance, Manchester Metropolitan University (UK)
Contents: Contents:
Application form
Correspondence
Research Funding Agreement
Progress report
Final report
Articles
Language: eng
Author:
Denovan, A.
Number of reproductions:
2
Keywords:
Paranormal health belief / Well-being / Health outcomes / Parapsychology

Reference code: PT/FB/BL-2022-069.04
Location: BF-GMS
Title:
The relationship between illusory health beliefs, recommended health behaviours, and complementary and alternative medicine: An investigation across multiple time points
Publication year: 2025
URL:
https://doi.org/10.3390/bs15050614
Abstract/Results: ABSTRACT:
Illusory health beliefs (IHBs) represent invalid ideations about health and potentially impact health behaviours and practices in meaningful ways. Examples include the uptake of methods with less conclusive evidence/support (e.g., complementary and alternative medicine, CAM) versus empirically validated approaches (e.g., recommended by health professionals). However, measurement obfuscation of IHB has hindered construct operationalisation. This study examined a newly developed measure (the Illusory Health Beliefs Scale) in the context of health outcomes. Specifically, we explored adherence to recommended health behaviours (e.g., lifestyle, vaccines) and trust in healthcare professionals versus CAM use. Assessments included theoretically linked constructs, comprising health locus of control, belief in science, and belief in CAM. Using a sample of 1507 (734 males, 768 females, 7 non-binary), a statistical model tested relationships across time points. Path analysis revealed that IHBs aligned with openness to unorthodox treatments alongside lower confidence in conventional treatment methods. Crucially, locus of control and belief in science mediated/weakened this relationship, predicting greater adherence to health recommendations and trust in health professionals. Belief in CAM strengthened the relationship between IHBs and CAM use. The findings provide initial evidence regarding the contribution of IHBs to health outcomes, and a basis for future research to further explore the IHB-health relationship.
Accessibility: Document exists in file
Language:
eng
Author:
Denovan, A.
Secondary author(s):
Dagnall, N., Drinkwater, K. G.
Document type:
Article
Number of reproductions:
2
Percentiles:
0.00|0.00
Reference:
Denovan, A., Dagnall, N., & Drinkwater, K. G. (2025). The relationship between illusory health beliefs, recommended health behaviours, and complementary and alternative medicine: An investigation across multiple time points. Behavioral Sciences, 15(5), 614. https://doi.org/10.3390/bs15050614
2-year Impact Factor: 2.5|2024
Impact factor notes: Impact factor not available yet for 2025
Times cited: 0|2026-02-17
Indexed document: Yes
Quartile: Q2
Keywords: Belief in science / Complementary and alternative medicine / Illusory health beliefs / Illusory health beliefs scale / Health locus of control / Health outcomes

The relationship between illusory health beliefs, recommended health behaviours, and complementary and alternative medicine: An investigation across multiple time points

The relationship between illusory health beliefs, recommended health behaviours, and complementary and alternative medicine: An investigation across multiple time points