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DocumentThe ex-illiterate brain. The critical period, cognitive reserve and HAROLD model2009

Reference code: PT/FB
Entity holding: BIAL Foundation
Location: S. Mamede do Coronado
Title:
BIAL Foundation Archive
Start date: 1994
History:
The BIAL Foundation was created in 1994 by Laboratórios BIAL in conjunction with the Council of Rectors of Portuguese Universities. BIAL’s Foundation mission is to foster the scientific study of Man from both the physical and spiritual perspectives.
Along the years the BIAL Foundation has developed an important relationship with the scientific community, first in Portugal and after worldwide. Today it is an institution of reference which aims to stimulate new researches that may help people, promote more health and contribute to new milestones to gain access to knowledge.
Among its activities the BIAL Foundation manages the BIAL Award, created in 1984, one of the most important awards in the Health field in Europe. The BIAL Award rewards both the basic and the clinical research distinguishing works of major impact in medical research.
The BIAL Foundation also assigns Scientific Research Scholarships for the study of neurophysiological and mental health in people, arousing the interest of researchers in the areas of Psychophysiology and Parapsychology.
To date the BIAL Foundation has supported 461 projects, more than 1000 researchers, with research groups in twenty-seven countries, resulting, until April 2013, in about 600 full papers, out of which 172 published in indexed international journals with an average impact factor of 3.6 and a substantial number of citations (1665).
Since 1996 the BIAL Foundation organizes the Symposia entitled "Behind and Beyond the Brain", a Forum that gathers well renowned neurosciences speakers and the BIAL Foundation Fellows which are spread around the world.
Classified as an institution of public utility, the BIAL Foundation includes among its patrons the Portuguese President, the Portuguese Universities Rectors' Council and the Portuguese Medical Association.
URL: http://www.bial.com/pt/
Accessibility: By permission

Reference code: PT/FB/BL
Entity holding: BIAL Foundation
Title: BIAL Grants
Start date: 1994
History:
In 1994 the BIAL Foundation launched a programme of science research grants with the aim of encouraging the research into Man’s physical and mental processes, namely in fields still largely unexplored but which warrant further scientific analysis, as Psychophysiology and Parapsychology.
Since its launch, applications to the BIAL grants have been increasing. Up to now 461 projects have been supported, involving more than 1000 researchers from 27 countries.
The approved applications have benefited from grants in amounts comprised between €5,000 and €50, 000. The amount to be granted is fixed by the Scientific board according to the needs of each project.
The supported projects have originated, until April 2013, in about 600 full papers, 172 out of which were published in indexed international journals with an average impact factor of 3.6 and a substantial number of citations (1665).
Among the BIAL Foundation fellows is worth highlighting the presence of scientists from prestigious universities from the United States, United Kingdom, Australia, Russia, Germany, Japan, France, Canada, and many others.
The BIAL grants are promoted biannually.

Reference code: PT/FB/BL-2000
Location: Arquivo PCA - Pastas 1 a 13/2000
Title:
2000 Grants
Start date: 2001-01 - 2014-02
Dimension/support:
13 caixas de arquivo

Reference code: PT/FB/BL-2000-004
Location: Arquivo PCA - Pasta 8/2000
Title:
004 - Mapeamento do córtex envolvido nos processos de descodificação da linguagem oral e escrita em voluntários alfabetizados na infância e voluntários alfabetizados na idade adulta utilizando magnetoencefalografia
Duration: 2000-12 - 2003-10
Researcher(s):
Alexandre Lemos de Castro Caldas, Maria Vânia da Silva Nunes, Beatriz Dias, Andrew Papanicolau, Thomas Ortiz Alonso, Fernando Maesto
Institution(s): Centro de Estudos Egas Moniz, Lisboa (Portugal)
Contents: Contents:
Application form
Correspondence
Financial report and expenditure documents
Progress reports
Final report
Proposal of rectification of initial project
Language: eng / por
Author:
Castro-Caldas, A.
Secondary author(s):
Nunes, M. V., Dias, B., Papanicolau, A., Alonso, T., Maestú, F.
Number of reproductions:
1
Keywords:
Psychophysiology / Cognitive processes / Learning / Language / Brain structure and function

Reference code: PT/FB/BL-2000-004.03
Location: Arquivo PCA - Pasta 8/2000
Title:
The ex-illiterate brain. The critical period, cognitive reserve and HAROLD model
Publication year: 2009
URL:
http://www.demneuropsy.com.br/detalhe_artigo.asp?id=172
Abstract/Results: ABSTRACT:
The lifelong acquisition of cognitive skills shapes the biology of the brain. However, there are critical periods for the best use of the brain to process the acquired information. Objectives: To discuss the critical period of cognitive acquisition, the concept of cognitive reserve and the HAROLD (Hemispheric Asymmetry Reduction in Older adults) model. Methods: Seven women who learned how to read and to write after the age of 50 (ex-illiterates) and five women with 10 years of regular schooling (controls) were submitted to a language recognition test while brain activity was being recorded using magnetoencephalography. Spoken words were delivered binaurally via two plastic tubs terminating in ear inserts, and recordings were made with a whole head magnetometer consisting of 148 magnetometer coils. Results: Both groups performed similarly on the task of identifying target words. Analysis of the number of sources of activity in the left and right hemispheres revealed significant differences between the two groups, showing that ex-illiterate subjects exhibited less brain functional asymmetry during the language task. Conclusions: These results should be interpreted with caution because the groups were small. However, these findings reinforce the concept that poorly educated subjects tend to use the brain for information processing in a different way to subjects with a high educational level or who were schooled at the regular time. Finally, the recruiting of both hemispheres to tackle the language recognition test occurred to a greater degree in the ex-illiterate group where this can be interpreted as a sign of difficulty performing the task.
Accessibility: Document exists in file
Copyright/Reproduction:
By permission
Language:
eng
Author:
Nunes, M. V.
Secondary author(s):
Castro-Caldas, A., Del Rio, D., Maestú, F., Ortiz, T.
Document type:
Article
Number of reproductions:
1
Reference:
Nunes, M. V., Castro-Caldas, A., Del Rio, D., Maestú, F., & Ortiz, T. (2009). The ex-illiterate brain. The critical period, cognitive reserve and HAROLD model. Dementia & Neuropsychologia, 3(3), 222-227.
2-year Impact Factor: N/A
Times cited: N/A
Indexed document: Yes
Quartile: N/A
Keywords: Illiteracy / Magnetoencephalography / Cognitive reserve / Brain asymmetry / Language / HAROLD model

The ex-illiterate brain. The critical period, cognitive reserve and HAROLD model

The ex-illiterate brain. The critical period, cognitive reserve and HAROLD model
DocumentCognitive and brain reserve for mind-body therapeutic approaches in multiple sclerosis: a review2014

Reference code: PT/FB
Entity holding: BIAL Foundation
Location: S. Mamede do Coronado
Title:
BIAL Foundation Archive
Start date: 1994
History:
The BIAL Foundation was created in 1994 by Laboratórios BIAL in conjunction with the Council of Rectors of Portuguese Universities. BIAL’s Foundation mission is to foster the scientific study of Man from both the physical and spiritual perspectives.
Along the years the BIAL Foundation has developed an important relationship with the scientific community, first in Portugal and after worldwide. Today it is an institution of reference which aims to stimulate new researches that may help people, promote more health and contribute to new milestones to gain access to knowledge.
Among its activities the BIAL Foundation manages the BIAL Award, created in 1984, one of the most important awards in the Health field in Europe. The BIAL Award rewards both the basic and the clinical research distinguishing works of major impact in medical research.
The BIAL Foundation also assigns Scientific Research Scholarships for the study of neurophysiological and mental health in people, arousing the interest of researchers in the areas of Psychophysiology and Parapsychology.
To date the BIAL Foundation has supported 461 projects, more than 1000 researchers, with research groups in twenty-seven countries, resulting, until April 2013, in about 600 full papers, out of which 172 published in indexed international journals with an average impact factor of 3.6 and a substantial number of citations (1665).
Since 1996 the BIAL Foundation organizes the Symposia entitled "Behind and Beyond the Brain", a Forum that gathers well renowned neurosciences speakers and the BIAL Foundation Fellows which are spread around the world.
Classified as an institution of public utility, the BIAL Foundation includes among its patrons the Portuguese President, the Portuguese Universities Rectors' Council and the Portuguese Medical Association.
URL: http://www.bial.com/pt/
Accessibility: By permission

Reference code: PT/FB/BL
Entity holding: BIAL Foundation
Title: BIAL Grants
Start date: 1994
History:
In 1994 the BIAL Foundation launched a programme of science research grants with the aim of encouraging the research into Man’s physical and mental processes, namely in fields still largely unexplored but which warrant further scientific analysis, as Psychophysiology and Parapsychology.
Since its launch, applications to the BIAL grants have been increasing. Up to now 461 projects have been supported, involving more than 1000 researchers from 27 countries.
The approved applications have benefited from grants in amounts comprised between €5,000 and €50, 000. The amount to be granted is fixed by the Scientific board according to the needs of each project.
The supported projects have originated, until April 2013, in about 600 full papers, 172 out of which were published in indexed international journals with an average impact factor of 3.6 and a substantial number of citations (1665).
Among the BIAL Foundation fellows is worth highlighting the presence of scientists from prestigious universities from the United States, United Kingdom, Australia, Russia, Germany, Japan, France, Canada, and many others.
The BIAL grants are promoted biannually.

Reference code: PT/FB/BL-2010
Location: Arquivo PCA - Pastas 1 a 23
Title:
2010 Grants
Start date: 2011-01

Reference code: PT/FB/BL-2010-066
Location: Arquivo PCA - Pasta 3/2010
Title:
066 - The spiritual brain: Neuropsychological and neurophysiologic investigations of self-transcendence and spirituality
Duration: 2011-04 - 2013/02
Researcher(s):
Salvatore Maria Aglioti, Cosimo Urgesi, Franco Fabbro, Matteo Candidi, Fabio Campanella
Institution(s): Department of Psychology, University of Rome “La Sapienza”, Roma (Italy)
Contents: Contents:
Bursary agreement
Application form
Correspondence
Financial report and expenditure documents
Progress report
Final report
2 Articles (submitted for publication)
Language: eng
Author:
Aglioti, S.
Secondary author(s):
Urgesi, C., Fabbro, F., Candidi, M., Campanella, F.
Number of reproductions:
3
Keywords:
Parapsychology and Psychophysiology / Spiritualism / Brain structure and function / Biopsychological problems / Diseases/Injuries / Self / Developmental psychology / Altered states of consciousness / Meditation / Body awareness

Reference code: PT/FB/BL-2010-066.08
Location: Arquivo PCA - Pasta 3/2010
Title:
Cognitive and brain reserve for mind-body therapeutic approaches in multiple sclerosis: a review
Publication year: 2014
URL:
http://content.iospress.com/articles/restorative-neurology-and-neuroscience/rnn130364
Abstract/Results: ABSTRACT:
Purpose:
Cognitive impairment is one of the most disabling symptoms of multiple sclerosis (MS), affecting a large proportion of patients and having a severe impact on their quality of life. Nevertheless, there exists a large variability in the neuropsychological profiles of MS patients and some of them appear to withstand better than others the MS-related brain pathology before showing cognitive decline. In recent years, many studies have made use of concepts such as cognitive reserve and brain reserve to take account of the inter-individual discrepancy between cognitive impairment and MS pathology. Critically, these studies have left open the fundamental issue of the clinical implications of this research for the treatment of cognitive dysfunction in MS.
Methods and Results:
We provide an updated and extensive overview of the studies that have explored cognitive and brain reserve in MS and discuss their implications for non-pharmacological therapeutic strategies aimed at potentiating patients' reserve. In particular, the possible utility of integrated approaches based on mind-body techniques such as mindfulness-meditation is considered.
Conclusions: We conclude that these techniques represent challenging mental enriching activities that may help cultivating cognitive reserve and more systematic research on their efficacy to protect against cognitive degradation in MS is encouraged.
Accessibility: Document exists in file
Copyright/Reproduction:
By permission
Language:
eng
Author:
Crescentini, C.
Secondary author(s):
Urgesi, C., Fabbro, F., Eleopra, R.
Document type:
Article
Number of reproductions:
3
Reference:
Crescentini, C., Urgesi, C., Fabbro, F, Eleopra, R. (2014). Cognitive and brain reserve for mind-body therapeutic approaches in multiple sclerosis: a review. Restorative Neurology and Neuroscience, 32(5), 575-595. https://doi.org/10.3233/RNN-130364
2-year Impact Factor: 2.490|2014
Times cited: 13|2025-02-10
Indexed document: Yes
Quartile: Q3
Keywords: Multiple sclerosis / Cognitive reserve / Brain reserve / Cognitive impairment / Mind-body medicine / Yoga / Mindfulness-meditation
DocumentPredictors of cognitive dysfunction one-year post COVID-192023

Reference code: PT/FB
Entity holding: BIAL Foundation
Location: S. Mamede do Coronado
Title:
BIAL Foundation Archive
Start date: 1994
History:
The BIAL Foundation was created in 1994 by Laboratórios BIAL in conjunction with the Council of Rectors of Portuguese Universities. BIAL’s Foundation mission is to foster the scientific study of Man from both the physical and spiritual perspectives.
Along the years the BIAL Foundation has developed an important relationship with the scientific community, first in Portugal and after worldwide. Today it is an institution of reference which aims to stimulate new researches that may help people, promote more health and contribute to new milestones to gain access to knowledge.
Among its activities the BIAL Foundation manages the BIAL Award, created in 1984, one of the most important awards in the Health field in Europe. The BIAL Award rewards both the basic and the clinical research distinguishing works of major impact in medical research.
The BIAL Foundation also assigns Scientific Research Scholarships for the study of neurophysiological and mental health in people, arousing the interest of researchers in the areas of Psychophysiology and Parapsychology.
To date the BIAL Foundation has supported 461 projects, more than 1000 researchers, with research groups in twenty-seven countries, resulting, until April 2013, in about 600 full papers, out of which 172 published in indexed international journals with an average impact factor of 3.6 and a substantial number of citations (1665).
Since 1996 the BIAL Foundation organizes the Symposia entitled "Behind and Beyond the Brain", a Forum that gathers well renowned neurosciences speakers and the BIAL Foundation Fellows which are spread around the world.
Classified as an institution of public utility, the BIAL Foundation includes among its patrons the Portuguese President, the Portuguese Universities Rectors' Council and the Portuguese Medical Association.
URL: http://www.bial.com/pt/
Accessibility: By permission

Reference code: PT/FB/BL
Entity holding: BIAL Foundation
Title: BIAL Grants
Start date: 1994
History:
In 1994 the BIAL Foundation launched a programme of science research grants with the aim of encouraging the research into Man’s physical and mental processes, namely in fields still largely unexplored but which warrant further scientific analysis, as Psychophysiology and Parapsychology.
Since its launch, applications to the BIAL grants have been increasing. Up to now 461 projects have been supported, involving more than 1000 researchers from 27 countries.
The approved applications have benefited from grants in amounts comprised between €5,000 and €50, 000. The amount to be granted is fixed by the Scientific board according to the needs of each project.
The supported projects have originated, until April 2013, in about 600 full papers, 172 out of which were published in indexed international journals with an average impact factor of 3.6 and a substantial number of citations (1665).
Among the BIAL Foundation fellows is worth highlighting the presence of scientists from prestigious universities from the United States, United Kingdom, Australia, Russia, Germany, Japan, France, Canada, and many others.
The BIAL grants are promoted biannually.

Reference code: PT/FB/BL-2014
Location: BF-GMS
Title:
2014 Grants
Start date: 2015-01

Reference code: PT/FB/BL-2014-430
Location: BF-GMS
Title:
430 - Psychophysiological Detection of Feigned Memory Complaint
Duration: 2016-05 - 2023-11
Researcher(s):
Sara Marta Pereira dos Santos Cavaco, Filomena Maria Correia Gomes
Institution(s): Centro Hospitalar do Porto - Hospital Santo António (Portugal); Faculdade de Medicina do Porto (Portugal)
Abstract/Results: Contents:
Application form
Correspondence
Research Funding Agreement
Progress report
Final report
Articles
Language: eng
Author:
Cavaco, S.
Secondary author(s):
Gomes, F.
Number of reproductions:
1
Keywords:
Feigning / Malingering / Effort / Deception / Psychophysiology

Reference code: PT/FB/BL-2014-430.03
Location: BF-GMS
Title:
Predictors of cognitive dysfunction one-year post COVID-19
Publication year: 2023
URL:
https://psycnet.apa.org/record/2023-34997-001
Abstract/Results: ABSTRACT:
Objectives:
(a) To characterize the frequency of objective cognitive deficits and self-perceived cognitive difficulties and (b) to explore demographic and clinical predictors of cognitive dysfunction and cognitive complaints.
Method:
One hundred and ten adults diagnosed with COVID-19 between March and November 2020, aged = 74 years underwent a brief neuropsychological evaluation 12 months after infection, which included: Brief Visuospatial Memory Test-Revised, California Verbal Learning Test, and Symbol Digit Modalities Test. T scores < 38 were considered abnormal performance; cognitive dysfunction was defined as = 2 abnormal tests. Participants also completed Broadbent's Cognitive Failure Questionnaires (CFQ), Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale, Modified Fatigue Impact Scale, and Short-Form Health Survey. CFQ = 43 was considered indicative of cognitive complaints.
Results:
Twenty participants (18.2%) had cognitive dysfunction and 36 (33.3%) had cognitive complaints. Cognitive dysfunction was related to lower education, preinfection history of headache/migraine, and acute COVID-19 symptoms of headache and sleep disturbance. Cognitive complaints were more likely to occur in women, those with fewer years of education, and acute COVID-19 symptoms of headache and sleep disturbance. Cognitive complaints were also significantly related to symptoms of anxiety, depression, and fatigue. Sex and psychopathology were not significant predictors of cognitive dysfunction. Modest associations were found between CFQ total score and cognitive test performance.
Discussion:
A subset of individuals develops cognitive difficulties in the context of post-COVID syndrome. Results may support the protective effect of education, a known proxy of cognitive reserve. COVID-19 infection symptoms of headache and sleep disturbance appear to be risk factors for long-term cognitive difficulties.
Accessibility: Document exists in file
Language:
eng
Author:
Cavaco, S.
Secondary author(s):
Sousa, G., Gonçalves, A., Dias, A., Andrade, C., Pereira, D., Aires, E. A., Moura, J., Silva, L., Varela, R., Malheiro, S., Oliveira, V., Teixeira-Pinto, A., Maia, L. F., Correia, M.
Document type:
Article
Number of reproductions:
1
Reference:
Cavaco, S., Sousa, G., Gonçalves, A., Dias, A., Andrade, C., Pereira, D., Aires, E. A., Moura, J., Silva, L., Varela, R., Malheiro, S., Oliveira, V., Teixeira-Pinto, A., Maia, L. F., & Correia, M. (2023). Predictors of cognitive dysfunction one-year post COVID-19. Neuropsychology, 37(5), 557–567. https://doi.org/10.1037/neu0000876
2-year Impact Factor: 2.6|2023
Times cited: 22|2025-02-18
Indexed document: Yes
Quartile: Q3
Keywords: COVID-19 / Cognitive dysfunction / Sleep disturbance / Headache / Cognitive reserve
DocumentCognitive reserve modulates mental health in adulthood2024

Reference code: PT/FB
Entity holding: BIAL Foundation
Location: S. Mamede do Coronado
Title:
BIAL Foundation Archive
Start date: 1994
History:
The BIAL Foundation was created in 1994 by Laboratórios BIAL in conjunction with the Council of Rectors of Portuguese Universities. BIAL’s Foundation mission is to foster the scientific study of Man from both the physical and spiritual perspectives.
Along the years the BIAL Foundation has developed an important relationship with the scientific community, first in Portugal and after worldwide. Today it is an institution of reference which aims to stimulate new researches that may help people, promote more health and contribute to new milestones to gain access to knowledge.
Among its activities the BIAL Foundation manages the BIAL Award, created in 1984, one of the most important awards in the Health field in Europe. The BIAL Award rewards both the basic and the clinical research distinguishing works of major impact in medical research.
The BIAL Foundation also assigns Scientific Research Scholarships for the study of neurophysiological and mental health in people, arousing the interest of researchers in the areas of Psychophysiology and Parapsychology.
To date the BIAL Foundation has supported 461 projects, more than 1000 researchers, with research groups in twenty-seven countries, resulting, until April 2013, in about 600 full papers, out of which 172 published in indexed international journals with an average impact factor of 3.6 and a substantial number of citations (1665).
Since 1996 the BIAL Foundation organizes the Symposia entitled "Behind and Beyond the Brain", a Forum that gathers well renowned neurosciences speakers and the BIAL Foundation Fellows which are spread around the world.
Classified as an institution of public utility, the BIAL Foundation includes among its patrons the Portuguese President, the Portuguese Universities Rectors' Council and the Portuguese Medical Association.
URL: http://www.bial.com/pt/
Accessibility: By permission

Reference code: PT/FB/BL
Entity holding: BIAL Foundation
Title: BIAL Grants
Start date: 1994
History:
In 1994 the BIAL Foundation launched a programme of science research grants with the aim of encouraging the research into Man’s physical and mental processes, namely in fields still largely unexplored but which warrant further scientific analysis, as Psychophysiology and Parapsychology.
Since its launch, applications to the BIAL grants have been increasing. Up to now 461 projects have been supported, involving more than 1000 researchers from 27 countries.
The approved applications have benefited from grants in amounts comprised between €5,000 and €50, 000. The amount to be granted is fixed by the Scientific board according to the needs of each project.
The supported projects have originated, until April 2013, in about 600 full papers, 172 out of which were published in indexed international journals with an average impact factor of 3.6 and a substantial number of citations (1665).
Among the BIAL Foundation fellows is worth highlighting the presence of scientists from prestigious universities from the United States, United Kingdom, Australia, Russia, Germany, Japan, France, Canada, and many others.
The BIAL grants are promoted biannually.

Reference code: PT/FB/BL-2018
Location: BF-GMS
Title:
2018 Grants
Start date: 2019-01

Reference code: PT/FB/BL-2018-293
Location: BF-GMS
Title:
293 - The middle-age brain
Duration: 2019-03 - 2024-02
Researcher(s):
Marinella Cappelletti, Maria Herrojo Ruiz
Institution(s): Department of Psychology, Goldsmiths, University of London (UK)
Contents: Contents:
Application form
Correspondence
Research Funding Agreement
Progress report
Final report
Articles
Language: eng
Author:
Cappelletti, M.
Secondary author(s):
Herrojo Ruiz, M.
Number of reproductions:
1
Keywords:
Middle age / Brain oscillations / Cognitive abilities / Wellbeing / Psychophysiology

Reference code: PT/FB/BL-2018-293.06
Location: BF-GMS
Title:
Cognitive reserve modulates mental health in adulthood
Publication year: 2024
URL:
https://doi.org/10.1007/s40520-024-02776-w
Abstract/Results: Abstract:
Cognitive Reserve (CR) reflects acquired knowledge, skills, and abilities throughout life, and it is known for modulating
cognitive efficiency in healthy and clinical populations. CR, which was initially proposed to explain individual differences
in the clinical presentation of dementia, has subsequently been extended to healthy ageing, showing its role in cognitive
efficiency also during middle age. Recently, CR has been linked to affective processes in psychiatric conditions such as
schizophrenia, major depressive and anxiety symptoms, and psychological distress, suggesting its potential role in emotional
expression and regulation. Whether the role of CR in mental health extends to non-pathological adults, and whether this is
only relevant in older age is not yet clear. The aim of this work was therefore to explore the relationship between CR and
mental health in healthy adults, with a focus on middle adulthood (40–60). In a sample of 96 participants, we found a positive
association between CR and mental health outcomes, such that a higher cognitive reserve index corresponded to fewer
mental health reported symptoms. Specifically, a higher CR reflecting professional activities was associated with lower stress
levels, especially in middle agers. Taken together, these data therefore suggest that engaging occupations may help maintain
a robust mental health, especially by reducing stress symptoms during middle age. These results broaden previous findings
suggesting that CR relates to affective components of mental health in middle aged and older adults.
Accessibility: Document exists in file
Language:
eng
Author:
Porricelli, D.
Secondary author(s):
Tecilla, M., Pucci, V., Di Rosa, E., Mondini, S., Cappelletti, M.
Document type:
Article
Number of reproductions:
1
Reference:
Porricelli, D., Tecilla, M., Pucci, V., Di Rosa, E., Mondini, S., & Cappelletti, M. (2024). Cognitive reserve modulates mental health in adulthood. Aging Clinical and Experimental Research, 36(1), 139. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40520-024-02776-w
2-year Impact Factor: 3.4|2023
Impact factor notes: Impact factor not available yet for 2024
Times cited: 1|2025-02-19
Indexed document: Yes
Quartile: Q2
Keywords: Cognitive reserve / Mental health / Middle age / Ageing

Cognitive reserve modulates mental health in adulthood

Cognitive reserve modulates mental health in adulthood