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File085 - Role of NT3/TrkC in the regulation of fear2019-032023-07

Reference code: PT/FB
Entity holding: BIAL Foundation
Location: S. Mamede do Coronado
Title:
BIAL Foundation Archive
Start date: 1994
History:
The BIAL Foundation was created in 1994 by Laboratórios BIAL in conjunction with the Council of Rectors of Portuguese Universities. BIAL’s Foundation mission is to foster the scientific study of Man from both the physical and spiritual perspectives.
Along the years the BIAL Foundation has developed an important relationship with the scientific community, first in Portugal and after worldwide. Today it is an institution of reference which aims to stimulate new researches that may help people, promote more health and contribute to new milestones to gain access to knowledge.
Among its activities the BIAL Foundation manages the BIAL Award, created in 1984, one of the most important awards in the Health field in Europe. The BIAL Award rewards both the basic and the clinical research distinguishing works of major impact in medical research.
The BIAL Foundation also assigns Scientific Research Scholarships for the study of neurophysiological and mental health in people, arousing the interest of researchers in the areas of Psychophysiology and Parapsychology.
To date the BIAL Foundation has supported 461 projects, more than 1000 researchers, with research groups in twenty-seven countries, resulting, until April 2013, in about 600 full papers, out of which 172 published in indexed international journals with an average impact factor of 3.6 and a substantial number of citations (1665).
Since 1996 the BIAL Foundation organizes the Symposia entitled "Behind and Beyond the Brain", a Forum that gathers well renowned neurosciences speakers and the BIAL Foundation Fellows which are spread around the world.
Classified as an institution of public utility, the BIAL Foundation includes among its patrons the Portuguese President, the Portuguese Universities Rectors' Council and the Portuguese Medical Association.
URL: http://www.bial.com/pt/
Accessibility: By permission

Reference code: PT/FB/BL
Entity holding: BIAL Foundation
Title: BIAL Grants
Start date: 1994
History:
In 1994 the BIAL Foundation launched a programme of science research grants with the aim of encouraging the research into Man’s physical and mental processes, namely in fields still largely unexplored but which warrant further scientific analysis, as Psychophysiology and Parapsychology.
Since its launch, applications to the BIAL grants have been increasing. Up to now 461 projects have been supported, involving more than 1000 researchers from 27 countries.
The approved applications have benefited from grants in amounts comprised between €5,000 and €50, 000. The amount to be granted is fixed by the Scientific board according to the needs of each project.
The supported projects have originated, until April 2013, in about 600 full papers, 172 out of which were published in indexed international journals with an average impact factor of 3.6 and a substantial number of citations (1665).
Among the BIAL Foundation fellows is worth highlighting the presence of scientists from prestigious universities from the United States, United Kingdom, Australia, Russia, Germany, Japan, France, Canada, and many others.
The BIAL grants are promoted biannually.

Reference code: PT/FB/BL-2018
Location: BF-GMS
Title:
2018 Grants
Start date: 2019-01

Reference code: PT/FB/BL-2018-085
Location: BF-GMS
Title:
085 - Role of NT3/TrkC in the regulation of fear
Duration: 2019-03 - 2023-07
Researcher(s):
Mónica Santos
Institution(s): Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra (Portugal)
Contents: Contents:
Application form
Correspondence
Research Funding Agreement
Progress report
Final report
Articles
Language: eng
Author:
Santos, M.
Number of reproductions:
1
Keywords:
Neurotrophin 3 / Fear conditioning / TrkC / Fear extinction / Psychophysiology
DocumentA systematic review on the effect of transcranial direct current and magnetic stimulation on fear memory and extinction2021

Reference code: PT/FB
Entity holding: BIAL Foundation
Location: S. Mamede do Coronado
Title:
BIAL Foundation Archive
Start date: 1994
History:
The BIAL Foundation was created in 1994 by Laboratórios BIAL in conjunction with the Council of Rectors of Portuguese Universities. BIAL’s Foundation mission is to foster the scientific study of Man from both the physical and spiritual perspectives.
Along the years the BIAL Foundation has developed an important relationship with the scientific community, first in Portugal and after worldwide. Today it is an institution of reference which aims to stimulate new researches that may help people, promote more health and contribute to new milestones to gain access to knowledge.
Among its activities the BIAL Foundation manages the BIAL Award, created in 1984, one of the most important awards in the Health field in Europe. The BIAL Award rewards both the basic and the clinical research distinguishing works of major impact in medical research.
The BIAL Foundation also assigns Scientific Research Scholarships for the study of neurophysiological and mental health in people, arousing the interest of researchers in the areas of Psychophysiology and Parapsychology.
To date the BIAL Foundation has supported 461 projects, more than 1000 researchers, with research groups in twenty-seven countries, resulting, until April 2013, in about 600 full papers, out of which 172 published in indexed international journals with an average impact factor of 3.6 and a substantial number of citations (1665).
Since 1996 the BIAL Foundation organizes the Symposia entitled "Behind and Beyond the Brain", a Forum that gathers well renowned neurosciences speakers and the BIAL Foundation Fellows which are spread around the world.
Classified as an institution of public utility, the BIAL Foundation includes among its patrons the Portuguese President, the Portuguese Universities Rectors' Council and the Portuguese Medical Association.
URL: http://www.bial.com/pt/
Accessibility: By permission

Reference code: PT/FB/BL
Entity holding: BIAL Foundation
Title: BIAL Grants
Start date: 1994
History:
In 1994 the BIAL Foundation launched a programme of science research grants with the aim of encouraging the research into Man’s physical and mental processes, namely in fields still largely unexplored but which warrant further scientific analysis, as Psychophysiology and Parapsychology.
Since its launch, applications to the BIAL grants have been increasing. Up to now 461 projects have been supported, involving more than 1000 researchers from 27 countries.
The approved applications have benefited from grants in amounts comprised between €5,000 and €50, 000. The amount to be granted is fixed by the Scientific board according to the needs of each project.
The supported projects have originated, until April 2013, in about 600 full papers, 172 out of which were published in indexed international journals with an average impact factor of 3.6 and a substantial number of citations (1665).
Among the BIAL Foundation fellows is worth highlighting the presence of scientists from prestigious universities from the United States, United Kingdom, Australia, Russia, Germany, Japan, France, Canada, and many others.
The BIAL grants are promoted biannually.

Reference code: PT/FB/BL-2018
Location: BF-GMS
Title:
2018 Grants
Start date: 2019-01

Reference code: PT/FB/BL-2018-160
Location: BF-GMS
Title:
160 - Exploring the effect of transcranial direct current stimulation during sleep on fear extinction learning
Duration: 2019-04 - 2024-11
Researcher(s):
Carmelo Vicario, Michael A Nitsche, Vuk Markovic
Institution(s): Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Leibniz Research Centre for Working Environment and Human Factors, Dortmund (Germany); Department of Cognitive Science, University of Messina (Italy)
Contents: Contents:
Application form
Correspondence
Research Funding Agreement
Progress report
Final report
Articles
Language: eng
Author:
Vicario, C.
Secondary author(s):
Nitsche, M. A., Markovic, V.
Number of reproductions:
1
Keywords:
tDCS / Fear extinction learning / Pre-frontal cortex / Psychophysiology

Reference code: PT/FB/BL-2018-160.02
Location: BF-GMS
Title:
A systematic review on the effect of transcranial direct current and magnetic stimulation on fear memory and extinction
Publication year: 2021
URL:
https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fnhum.2021.655947/full
Abstract/Results: ABSTRACT:
Anxiety disorders are among the most prevalent mental disorders. Present treatments such as cognitive behavior therapy and pharmacological treatments show only moderate success, which emphasizes the importance for the development of new treatment protocols. Non-invasive brain stimulation methods such as repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) and transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) have been probed as therapeutic option for anxiety disorders in recent years. Mechanistic information about their mode of action, and most efficient protocols is however limited. Here the fear extinction model can serve as a model of exposure therapies for studying therapeutic mechanisms, and development of appropriate intervention protocols. We systematically reviewed 30 research articles that investigated the impact of rTMS and tDCS on fear memory and extinction in animal models and humans, in clinical and healthy populations. The results of these studies suggest that tDCS and rTMS can be efficient methods to modulate fear memory and extinction. Furthermore, excitability-enhancing stimulation applied over the vmPFC showed the strongest potential to enhance fear extinction. We further discuss factors that determine the efficacy of rTMS and tDCS in the context of the fear extinction model and provide future directions to optimize parameters and protocols of stimulation for research and treatment.
Accessibility: Document exists in file
Language:
eng
Author:
Markovic, V.
Secondary author(s):
Vicario, C. M., Yavari, F., Salehinejad, M. A., Nitsche, M. A.
Document type:
Article
Number of reproductions:
1
Reference:
Markovic, V., Vicario, C. M., Yavari, F., Salehinejad, M. A., & Nitsche, M. A. (2021). A systematic review on the effect of transcranial direct current and magnetic stimulation on fear memory and extinction. Frontiers in Humanc Neuroscience, 15: 655947. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnhum.2021.655947
2-year Impact Factor: 3.473|2021
Times cited: 38|2025-02-14
Indexed document: Yes
Quartile: Q2
Keywords: Non-invasive brain stimulation / Dorsolateral prefrontal cortexy / Ventromedial prefrontal cortex / Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation / Fear extinction

A systematic review on the effect of transcranial direct current and magnetic stimulation on fear memory and extinction

A systematic review on the effect of transcranial direct current and magnetic stimulation on fear memory and extinction
DocumentFinal report - Role of NT3/TrkC in the regulation of fear2023

Reference code: PT/FB
Entity holding: BIAL Foundation
Location: S. Mamede do Coronado
Title:
BIAL Foundation Archive
Start date: 1994
History:
The BIAL Foundation was created in 1994 by Laboratórios BIAL in conjunction with the Council of Rectors of Portuguese Universities. BIAL’s Foundation mission is to foster the scientific study of Man from both the physical and spiritual perspectives.
Along the years the BIAL Foundation has developed an important relationship with the scientific community, first in Portugal and after worldwide. Today it is an institution of reference which aims to stimulate new researches that may help people, promote more health and contribute to new milestones to gain access to knowledge.
Among its activities the BIAL Foundation manages the BIAL Award, created in 1984, one of the most important awards in the Health field in Europe. The BIAL Award rewards both the basic and the clinical research distinguishing works of major impact in medical research.
The BIAL Foundation also assigns Scientific Research Scholarships for the study of neurophysiological and mental health in people, arousing the interest of researchers in the areas of Psychophysiology and Parapsychology.
To date the BIAL Foundation has supported 461 projects, more than 1000 researchers, with research groups in twenty-seven countries, resulting, until April 2013, in about 600 full papers, out of which 172 published in indexed international journals with an average impact factor of 3.6 and a substantial number of citations (1665).
Since 1996 the BIAL Foundation organizes the Symposia entitled "Behind and Beyond the Brain", a Forum that gathers well renowned neurosciences speakers and the BIAL Foundation Fellows which are spread around the world.
Classified as an institution of public utility, the BIAL Foundation includes among its patrons the Portuguese President, the Portuguese Universities Rectors' Council and the Portuguese Medical Association.
URL: http://www.bial.com/pt/
Accessibility: By permission

Reference code: PT/FB/BL
Entity holding: BIAL Foundation
Title: BIAL Grants
Start date: 1994
History:
In 1994 the BIAL Foundation launched a programme of science research grants with the aim of encouraging the research into Man’s physical and mental processes, namely in fields still largely unexplored but which warrant further scientific analysis, as Psychophysiology and Parapsychology.
Since its launch, applications to the BIAL grants have been increasing. Up to now 461 projects have been supported, involving more than 1000 researchers from 27 countries.
The approved applications have benefited from grants in amounts comprised between €5,000 and €50, 000. The amount to be granted is fixed by the Scientific board according to the needs of each project.
The supported projects have originated, until April 2013, in about 600 full papers, 172 out of which were published in indexed international journals with an average impact factor of 3.6 and a substantial number of citations (1665).
Among the BIAL Foundation fellows is worth highlighting the presence of scientists from prestigious universities from the United States, United Kingdom, Australia, Russia, Germany, Japan, France, Canada, and many others.
The BIAL grants are promoted biannually.

Reference code: PT/FB/BL-2018
Location: BF-GMS
Title:
2018 Grants
Start date: 2019-01

Reference code: PT/FB/BL-2018-085
Location: BF-GMS
Title:
085 - Role of NT3/TrkC in the regulation of fear
Duration: 2019-03 - 2023-07
Researcher(s):
Mónica Santos
Institution(s): Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra (Portugal)
Contents: Contents:
Application form
Correspondence
Research Funding Agreement
Progress report
Final report
Articles
Language: eng
Author:
Santos, M.
Number of reproductions:
1
Keywords:
Neurotrophin 3 / Fear conditioning / TrkC / Fear extinction / Psychophysiology

Reference code: PT/FB/BL-2018-085.01
Location: BF-GMS
Title:
Final report - Role of NT3/TrkC in the regulation of fear
Publication year: 2023
Abstract/Results:
ABSTRACT:
Background
Anxiety disorders are among the most prevalent psychiatric conditions, sharing exaggerated fear and resistance to extinction. A role for NT3-TrkC pathway in the regulation of pathological fear has been described, though its role in physiological conditions has never been investigated.
Aims
The aim of this project was to investigate the contribution of the NT3-TrkC pathway to the formation and extinction of physiological fear memories.
Method
Young adult male mice were trained in the contextual fear conditioning and extinction paradigm, a flagship model to study learned fear and extinction. We used a multidisciplinary approach that combined rodent behavior with pharmacological and molecular tools, and ex vivo electrophysiological recordings, to investigate the cellular and molecular mechanisms underlying the role of NT3-TrkC in fear memories.
Results
We found that a strict spatio-temporal regulation of TrkC activation is necessary for the proper formation and extinction of fear memories. Moreover, we identified a role for the amygdalar NT3-TrkC pathway in the naturally existing inter-individual variation in fear extinction in mice. Amygdalar TrkC activation is sufficient to rescue fear extinction deficits through modulation of synaptic plasticity. In particular, activation of TrkC induces LTD, weakens LTP and results in the synaptic accumulation of GluN2B-containing NMDA receptors.
Conclusions
Data obtained proves a role for the NT3-TrkC pathway in the formation and extinction of fear memories. This study puts forward TrkC as a molecule of interest in the research of mechanism-based drugs towards patients with fear-related disorders.
Accessibility: Document exists in file
Language:
eng
Author:
Santos, M.
Document type:
Final report
Number of reproductions:
1
Reference:
Santos, M. (2023). Final report - Role of NT3/TrkC in the regulation of fear.
Indexed document: No
Keywords: Neurotrophins / Fear extinction / Anxiety disorders / Synaptic plasticity

Final report - Role of NT3/TrkC in the regulation of fear

Final report - Role of NT3/TrkC in the regulation of fear
DocumentFinal report - Exploring the effect of transcranial direct current stimulation during sleep on fear extinction consolidation2024

Reference code: PT/FB
Entity holding: BIAL Foundation
Location: S. Mamede do Coronado
Title:
BIAL Foundation Archive
Start date: 1994
History:
The BIAL Foundation was created in 1994 by Laboratórios BIAL in conjunction with the Council of Rectors of Portuguese Universities. BIAL’s Foundation mission is to foster the scientific study of Man from both the physical and spiritual perspectives.
Along the years the BIAL Foundation has developed an important relationship with the scientific community, first in Portugal and after worldwide. Today it is an institution of reference which aims to stimulate new researches that may help people, promote more health and contribute to new milestones to gain access to knowledge.
Among its activities the BIAL Foundation manages the BIAL Award, created in 1984, one of the most important awards in the Health field in Europe. The BIAL Award rewards both the basic and the clinical research distinguishing works of major impact in medical research.
The BIAL Foundation also assigns Scientific Research Scholarships for the study of neurophysiological and mental health in people, arousing the interest of researchers in the areas of Psychophysiology and Parapsychology.
To date the BIAL Foundation has supported 461 projects, more than 1000 researchers, with research groups in twenty-seven countries, resulting, until April 2013, in about 600 full papers, out of which 172 published in indexed international journals with an average impact factor of 3.6 and a substantial number of citations (1665).
Since 1996 the BIAL Foundation organizes the Symposia entitled "Behind and Beyond the Brain", a Forum that gathers well renowned neurosciences speakers and the BIAL Foundation Fellows which are spread around the world.
Classified as an institution of public utility, the BIAL Foundation includes among its patrons the Portuguese President, the Portuguese Universities Rectors' Council and the Portuguese Medical Association.
URL: http://www.bial.com/pt/
Accessibility: By permission

Reference code: PT/FB/BL
Entity holding: BIAL Foundation
Title: BIAL Grants
Start date: 1994
History:
In 1994 the BIAL Foundation launched a programme of science research grants with the aim of encouraging the research into Man’s physical and mental processes, namely in fields still largely unexplored but which warrant further scientific analysis, as Psychophysiology and Parapsychology.
Since its launch, applications to the BIAL grants have been increasing. Up to now 461 projects have been supported, involving more than 1000 researchers from 27 countries.
The approved applications have benefited from grants in amounts comprised between €5,000 and €50, 000. The amount to be granted is fixed by the Scientific board according to the needs of each project.
The supported projects have originated, until April 2013, in about 600 full papers, 172 out of which were published in indexed international journals with an average impact factor of 3.6 and a substantial number of citations (1665).
Among the BIAL Foundation fellows is worth highlighting the presence of scientists from prestigious universities from the United States, United Kingdom, Australia, Russia, Germany, Japan, France, Canada, and many others.
The BIAL grants are promoted biannually.

Reference code: PT/FB/BL-2018
Location: BF-GMS
Title:
2018 Grants
Start date: 2019-01

Reference code: PT/FB/BL-2018-160
Location: BF-GMS
Title:
160 - Exploring the effect of transcranial direct current stimulation during sleep on fear extinction learning
Duration: 2019-04 - 2024-11
Researcher(s):
Carmelo Vicario, Michael A Nitsche, Vuk Markovic
Institution(s): Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Leibniz Research Centre for Working Environment and Human Factors, Dortmund (Germany); Department of Cognitive Science, University of Messina (Italy)
Contents: Contents:
Application form
Correspondence
Research Funding Agreement
Progress report
Final report
Articles
Language: eng
Author:
Vicario, C.
Secondary author(s):
Nitsche, M. A., Markovic, V.
Number of reproductions:
1
Keywords:
tDCS / Fear extinction learning / Pre-frontal cortex / Psychophysiology

Reference code: PT/FB/BL-2018-160.01
Location: BF-GMS
Title:
Final report - Exploring the effect of transcranial direct current stimulation during sleep on fear extinction consolidation
Publication year: 2024
Abstract/Results:
ABSTRACT:
Background
PTSD affects about 6.8% of people during their lifetime, often developing after severe trauma. One key factor in recovery failure is the inability to extinguish traumatic memories. Trauma-focused exposure therapy is effective for PTSD, as it promotes fear extinction, with the ventromedial prefrontal cortex (vmPFC) playing a central role.
Aims
This study aims to explore new avenues to promote fear extinction learning with the use of a non-invasive brain stimulation namely transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS). We plan to test whether a prefrontal (PFC) modulation via tDCS, during sleep, boosts extinction learning. Moreover, we planned to investigate the neural correlates related to such extinction learning response.
Method
In all experiments, tDCS will be delivered during a nap of 90 minutes duration. In a first experiment, participants were exposed to a conditioning/extinction protocol combined with one non-invasive brain stimulation session (e.g., active or sham tDCS, depending on the experimental group) over the left vmPFC. The stimulation was delivered during the REM sleep stage. In a second experiment, applying a similar methodology, we investigated respective neural correlates using fMRI.
Results
The results of the first experiment show that real tDCS effectively enhanced fear extinction memory consolidation during REM sleep. These results are confirmed by the second experiment, with the tDCS group exhibiting greater activation in areas associated with motor control, sensory processing, and emotional regulation, particularly in the context of REM sleep.
Conclusions
Overall, the reported findings suggest that tDCS may enhance the neural substrates involved in fear extinction learning during REM sleep.
Accessibility: Document exists in file
Language:
eng
Author:
Vicario, C. M.
Document type:
Final report
Number of reproductions:
1
Reference:
Vicario, C. M. (2024). Final report - Exploring the effect of transcranial direct current stimulation during sleep on fear extinction consolidation.
Indexed document: No
Keywords: Fear extinction / REM Sleep / tDCS / PFC

Final report - Exploring the effect of transcranial direct current stimulation during sleep on fear extinction consolidation

Final report - Exploring the effect of transcranial direct current stimulation during sleep on fear extinction consolidation
DocumentCortisol imbalance and fear learning in PTSD: Therapeutic approaches to control abnormal fear responses2025

Reference code: PT/FB
Entity holding: BIAL Foundation
Location: S. Mamede do Coronado
Title:
BIAL Foundation Archive
Start date: 1994
History:
The BIAL Foundation was created in 1994 by Laboratórios BIAL in conjunction with the Council of Rectors of Portuguese Universities. BIAL’s Foundation mission is to foster the scientific study of Man from both the physical and spiritual perspectives.
Along the years the BIAL Foundation has developed an important relationship with the scientific community, first in Portugal and after worldwide. Today it is an institution of reference which aims to stimulate new researches that may help people, promote more health and contribute to new milestones to gain access to knowledge.
Among its activities the BIAL Foundation manages the BIAL Award, created in 1984, one of the most important awards in the Health field in Europe. The BIAL Award rewards both the basic and the clinical research distinguishing works of major impact in medical research.
The BIAL Foundation also assigns Scientific Research Scholarships for the study of neurophysiological and mental health in people, arousing the interest of researchers in the areas of Psychophysiology and Parapsychology.
To date the BIAL Foundation has supported 461 projects, more than 1000 researchers, with research groups in twenty-seven countries, resulting, until April 2013, in about 600 full papers, out of which 172 published in indexed international journals with an average impact factor of 3.6 and a substantial number of citations (1665).
Since 1996 the BIAL Foundation organizes the Symposia entitled "Behind and Beyond the Brain", a Forum that gathers well renowned neurosciences speakers and the BIAL Foundation Fellows which are spread around the world.
Classified as an institution of public utility, the BIAL Foundation includes among its patrons the Portuguese President, the Portuguese Universities Rectors' Council and the Portuguese Medical Association.
URL: http://www.bial.com/pt/
Accessibility: By permission

Reference code: PT/FB/BL
Entity holding: BIAL Foundation
Title: BIAL Grants
Start date: 1994
History:
In 1994 the BIAL Foundation launched a programme of science research grants with the aim of encouraging the research into Man’s physical and mental processes, namely in fields still largely unexplored but which warrant further scientific analysis, as Psychophysiology and Parapsychology.
Since its launch, applications to the BIAL grants have been increasing. Up to now 461 projects have been supported, involving more than 1000 researchers from 27 countries.
The approved applications have benefited from grants in amounts comprised between €5,000 and €50, 000. The amount to be granted is fixed by the Scientific board according to the needs of each project.
The supported projects have originated, until April 2013, in about 600 full papers, 172 out of which were published in indexed international journals with an average impact factor of 3.6 and a substantial number of citations (1665).
Among the BIAL Foundation fellows is worth highlighting the presence of scientists from prestigious universities from the United States, United Kingdom, Australia, Russia, Germany, Japan, France, Canada, and many others.
The BIAL grants are promoted biannually.

Reference code: PT/FB/BL-2022
Location: BF-GMS
Title:
2022 Grants
Start date: 2023-01

Reference code: PT/FB/BL-2022-235
Location: BF-GMS
Title:
235 - SPARKS: Driving associative plasticity in the cortically blind brain to promote recovery of visual awareness
Duration: 2023-10
Researcher(s):
Simone Battaglia, Matteo Diano, Marco Tamietto
Institution(s): Department of Psychology, University of Turin (Italy)
Contents: Contents:
Application form
Correspondence
Research Funding Agreement
Progress report
Article
Language: eng
Notes:
Ongoing project
Author: Battaglia, S.
Secondary author(s):
Diano, M., Tamietto, M.
Number of reproductions:
1
Keywords:
Visual perception / Neuroimaging / Visual perception / Blindsight / Psychophysiology

Reference code: PT/FB/BL-2022-235.03
Location: BF-GMS
Title:
Cortisol imbalance and fear learning in PTSD: Therapeutic approaches to control abnormal fear responses
Publication year: 2025
URL:
https://doi.org/10.2174/1570159X23666250123142526
Abstract/Results: ABSTRACT:
Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) is mainly characterized by dysregulated fear responses, including hyperarousal and intrusive re-experiencing of traumatic memories. This work delves into the intricate interplay between abnormal fear responses, cortisol dysregulation, and the Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal (HPA) axis, elucidating their role in the manifestation of PTSD. Given the persistent nature of PTSD symptoms and the limitations of conventional therapies, innovative interventions are urgently needed. One promising avenue of research revolves around the modulation of cortisol through targeting receptors, with dexamethasone emerging as a critical agent capable of reducing cortisol levels, thus potentially aiding in the extinction of fear. In this study, we emphasize the need for innovative interventions in the neuropharmacological treatment of PTSD, focusing on cortisol modulation and its impact on fear regulation mechanisms. The complex interplay between the HPA axis, cortisol modulation, and fear dysregulation not only broadens our comprehension but also reveals promising paths to enhance therapeutic outcomes for individuals struggling with PTSD, underscoring a crucial need for more effective treatment strategies.
Accessibility: Document does not exist in file
Language:
eng
Author:
Battaglia, S.
Secondary author(s):
Fazio, C. D., Borgomaneri, S., Avenanti, A.
Document type:
Article
Number of reproductions:
1
Reference:
Battaglia, S., Fazio, C. D., Borgomaneri, S., & Avenanti, A. (2025). Cortisol imbalance and fear learning in PTSD: Therapeutic approaches to control abnormal fear responses. Current Neuropharmacology, 23(7), 835–846. https://doi.org/10.2174/1570159X23666250123142526
2-year Impact Factor: 4.8|2023
Impact factor notes: Impact factor not available yet for 2025
Times cited: 2|2025-06-12
Indexed document: Yes
Quartile: Q1
Keywords: Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) / Cortisol dysregulation / Dexamethasone / Fear extinction / Fear learning / Hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis