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DocumentA systematic review on the potential use of machine learning to classify major depressive disorder from healthy controls using resting state fMRI measures2023

Reference code: PT/FB
Entity holding: BIAL Foundation
Location: S. Mamede do Coronado
Title:
BIAL Foundation Archive
Start date: 1994
History:
The BIAL Foundation was created in 1994 by Laboratórios BIAL in conjunction with the Council of Rectors of Portuguese Universities. BIAL’s Foundation mission is to foster the scientific study of Man from both the physical and spiritual perspectives.
Along the years the BIAL Foundation has developed an important relationship with the scientific community, first in Portugal and after worldwide. Today it is an institution of reference which aims to stimulate new researches that may help people, promote more health and contribute to new milestones to gain access to knowledge.
Among its activities the BIAL Foundation manages the BIAL Award, created in 1984, one of the most important awards in the Health field in Europe. The BIAL Award rewards both the basic and the clinical research distinguishing works of major impact in medical research.
The BIAL Foundation also assigns Scientific Research Scholarships for the study of neurophysiological and mental health in people, arousing the interest of researchers in the areas of Psychophysiology and Parapsychology.
To date the BIAL Foundation has supported 461 projects, more than 1000 researchers, with research groups in twenty-seven countries, resulting, until April 2013, in about 600 full papers, out of which 172 published in indexed international journals with an average impact factor of 3.6 and a substantial number of citations (1665).
Since 1996 the BIAL Foundation organizes the Symposia entitled "Behind and Beyond the Brain", a Forum that gathers well renowned neurosciences speakers and the BIAL Foundation Fellows which are spread around the world.
Classified as an institution of public utility, the BIAL Foundation includes among its patrons the Portuguese President, the Portuguese Universities Rectors' Council and the Portuguese Medical Association.
URL: http://www.bial.com/pt/
Accessibility: By permission

Reference code: PT/FB/BL
Entity holding: BIAL Foundation
Title: BIAL Grants
Start date: 1994
History:
In 1994 the BIAL Foundation launched a programme of science research grants with the aim of encouraging the research into Man’s physical and mental processes, namely in fields still largely unexplored but which warrant further scientific analysis, as Psychophysiology and Parapsychology.
Since its launch, applications to the BIAL grants have been increasing. Up to now 461 projects have been supported, involving more than 1000 researchers from 27 countries.
The approved applications have benefited from grants in amounts comprised between €5,000 and €50, 000. The amount to be granted is fixed by the Scientific board according to the needs of each project.
The supported projects have originated, until April 2013, in about 600 full papers, 172 out of which were published in indexed international journals with an average impact factor of 3.6 and a substantial number of citations (1665).
Among the BIAL Foundation fellows is worth highlighting the presence of scientists from prestigious universities from the United States, United Kingdom, Australia, Russia, Germany, Japan, France, Canada, and many others.
The BIAL grants are promoted biannually.

Reference code: PT/FB/BL-2020
Location: BF-GMS
Title:
2020 Grants
Start date: 2021-01

Reference code: PT/FB/BL-2020-288
Location: BF-GMS
Title:
288 - The origin of the sublime power in the brain: An integrated EEG-TMS study
Duration: 2021-04 - 2025-05
Researcher(s):
Eleonora Maggioni, Paolo Brambilla, Giandomenico Schiena, Alice Chirico, Andrea Gaggioli, Maddalena Mazzocut-Mis
Institution(s): Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan (Italy); Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Milan (Italy); Università degli Studi di Milano (Italy)
Contents: Contents:
Application form
Correspondence
Research Funding Agreement
Progress report
Final report
Articles
Language: eng
Author:
Maggioni, E.
Secondary author(s):
Brambilla, P., Schiena, G., Chirico, A., Gaggioli, A., Mazzocut-Mis, M.
Number of reproductions:
3
Keywords:
Virtual reality / Sublime / Brain connectivity / EEG-TMS / Parapsychology and Psychophysiology

Reference code: PT/FB/BL-2020-288.04
Location: BF-GMS
Title:
A systematic review on the potential use of machine learning to classify major depressive disorder from healthy controls using resting state fMRI measures
Publication year: 2023
URL:
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0149763422004614
Abstract/Results: ABSTRACT:
Background
Major Depressive Disorder (MDD) is a psychiatric disorder characterized by functional brain deficits, as documented by resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging (rs-fMRI) studies.
Aims
In recent years, some studies used machine learning (ML) approaches, based on rs-fMRI features, for classifying MDD from healthy controls (HC). In this context, this review aims to provide a comprehensive overview of the results of these studies.
Design
The studies research was performed on 3 online databases, examining English-written articles published before August 5, 2022, that performed a two-class ML classification using rs-fMRI features. The search resulted in 20 eligible studies.
Results
The reviewed studies showed good performance metrics, with better performance achieved when the dataset was restricted to a more homogeneous group in terms of disease severity. Regions within the default mode network, salience network, and central executive network were reported as the most important features in the classification algorithms.
Limitations
The small sample size together with the methodological and clinical heterogeneity limited the generalizability of the findings.
Conclusions
In conclusion, ML applied to rs-fMRI features can be a valid approach to classify MDD and HC subjects and to discover features that can be used for additional investigation of the pathophysiology of the disease.
Accessibility: Document exists in file
Copyright/Reproduction:
By permission
Language:
eng
Author:
Bondi, E.
Secondary author(s):
Maggioni, E., Brambilla, P., Delvecchio, G.
Document type:
Article
Number of reproductions:
3
Reference:
Bondi, E., Maggioni, E., Brambilla, P., & Delvecchio, G. (2023). A systematic review on the potential use of machine learning to classify major depressive disorder from healthy controls using resting state fMRI measures. Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews, 144, 104972. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neubiorev.2022.104972
2-year Impact Factor: 7.6|2023
Times cited: 24|2025-02-18
Indexed document: Yes
Quartile: Q1
Keywords: Major depressive disorder / Resting state functional magnetic resonance imaging / Rs-fMRI / Machine learning / Classification
DocumentA relação entre a variabilidade da frequência cardíaca e as perturbações ansiosas e do humor2023

Reference code: PT/FB
Entity holding: BIAL Foundation
Location: S. Mamede do Coronado
Title:
BIAL Foundation Archive
Start date: 1994
History:
The BIAL Foundation was created in 1994 by Laboratórios BIAL in conjunction with the Council of Rectors of Portuguese Universities. BIAL’s Foundation mission is to foster the scientific study of Man from both the physical and spiritual perspectives.
Along the years the BIAL Foundation has developed an important relationship with the scientific community, first in Portugal and after worldwide. Today it is an institution of reference which aims to stimulate new researches that may help people, promote more health and contribute to new milestones to gain access to knowledge.
Among its activities the BIAL Foundation manages the BIAL Award, created in 1984, one of the most important awards in the Health field in Europe. The BIAL Award rewards both the basic and the clinical research distinguishing works of major impact in medical research.
The BIAL Foundation also assigns Scientific Research Scholarships for the study of neurophysiological and mental health in people, arousing the interest of researchers in the areas of Psychophysiology and Parapsychology.
To date the BIAL Foundation has supported 461 projects, more than 1000 researchers, with research groups in twenty-seven countries, resulting, until April 2013, in about 600 full papers, out of which 172 published in indexed international journals with an average impact factor of 3.6 and a substantial number of citations (1665).
Since 1996 the BIAL Foundation organizes the Symposia entitled "Behind and Beyond the Brain", a Forum that gathers well renowned neurosciences speakers and the BIAL Foundation Fellows which are spread around the world.
Classified as an institution of public utility, the BIAL Foundation includes among its patrons the Portuguese President, the Portuguese Universities Rectors' Council and the Portuguese Medical Association.
URL: http://www.bial.com/pt/
Accessibility: By permission

Reference code: PT/FB/BL
Entity holding: BIAL Foundation
Title: BIAL Grants
Start date: 1994
History:
In 1994 the BIAL Foundation launched a programme of science research grants with the aim of encouraging the research into Man’s physical and mental processes, namely in fields still largely unexplored but which warrant further scientific analysis, as Psychophysiology and Parapsychology.
Since its launch, applications to the BIAL grants have been increasing. Up to now 461 projects have been supported, involving more than 1000 researchers from 27 countries.
The approved applications have benefited from grants in amounts comprised between €5,000 and €50, 000. The amount to be granted is fixed by the Scientific board according to the needs of each project.
The supported projects have originated, until April 2013, in about 600 full papers, 172 out of which were published in indexed international journals with an average impact factor of 3.6 and a substantial number of citations (1665).
Among the BIAL Foundation fellows is worth highlighting the presence of scientists from prestigious universities from the United States, United Kingdom, Australia, Russia, Germany, Japan, France, Canada, and many others.
The BIAL grants are promoted biannually.

Reference code: PT/FB/BL-2012
Location: SEC PCA
Title:
2012 Grants
Start date: 2013-02

Reference code: PT/FB/BL-2012-178
Location: Arquivo PCA - Pasta 22/2012
Title:
178 - How collaboration in psychotherapy becomes therapeutic: a study of interactive and psychophysiological processes in good and poor outcome cases
Duration: 2013-06 - 2017-01
Researcher(s):
Eugénia Maria Ribeiro Pereira, Adriana Sampaio, Cledna Patricia Silva, António P. Ribeiro, Adam O. Horvath, William B. Stiles, Inês Sousa, Joana Mourão, Dulce Pinto, Zita Sousa
Institution(s): Centro de Investigação em Psicologia (CIPsi/UM), School of Psychology, Universidade do Minho (Portugal)
Contents: Contents:
Bursary agreement
Application form
Correspondence
Progress reports
Final reports
Master theses
PhD theses
Article
Language: eng
Author:
Pereira, E.
Secondary author(s):
Sampaio, A., Silva, C. P., Ribeiro, A., Horvath, A., Stiles, W., Sousa, I., Mourão, J., Pinto, D., Sousa, Z.
Number of reproductions:
1
Keywords:
Psychophysiology / Intervention / Assessment tools

Reference code: PT/FB/BL-2012-178.20
Location: BF-GMS
Title:
A relação entre a variabilidade da frequência cardíaca e as perturbações ansiosas e do humor
Publication year: 2023
URL:
https://hdl.handle.net/1822/86178
Abstract/Results: ABSTRACT:
Heart rate variability has been associated with several psychological conditions, including Major Depressive Disorder and Social Anxiety Disorder. The study of this association seems to bring important conclusions to psychology and psychotherapists. The aim of the present study was to analyze the relationship between these variables in psychotherapy sessions, as well as the association between heart rate variability and therapeutic alliance. The study included 42 participants (21 subjects in the experimental group with Major Depressive Disorder or Social Anxiety Disorder and 21 subjects in the control group). The Outcome Questionnaire 45.2 and the Working Alliance Inventory – Short Revised were used for data collection, and the cardiac activity from the experimental group was also recorded in order to analyze its variability. An analysis of comparison of means and a mixed generalized linear model were used, with the goal of making comparisons between the groups and verifying the evolution during the therapy, respectively. The results showed that there are differences in heart rate variability between groups but did not show a linear association between this variability and its association with symptomatology and therapeutic alliance.
Accessibility: Document exists in file
Language:
pt
Author:
Gonçalves, P.
Document type:
Master's thesis
Number of reproductions:
1
Reference:
Gonçalves, P. (2023). A relação entre a variabilidade da frequência cardíaca e as perturbações ansiosas e do humor (Master´s thesis in Psicologia Clínica e Psicoterapia de Adultos, Escola de Psicologia - Universidade do Minho, Portugal). Retrieved from: https://hdl.handle.net/1822/86178
Indexed document: No
Keywords: Therapeutic alliance / Social anxiety disorder / Major depressive disorder / Psychotherapy / Heart rate variability

A relação entre a variabilidade da frequência cardíaca e as perturbações ansiosas e do humor

A relação entre a variabilidade da frequência cardíaca e as perturbações ansiosas e do humor
DocumentIndividualized functional brain system topologies and major depression: Relations among patch sizes and clinical profiles and behavior2024

Reference code: PT/FB
Entity holding: BIAL Foundation
Location: S. Mamede do Coronado
Title:
BIAL Foundation Archive
Start date: 1994
History:
The BIAL Foundation was created in 1994 by Laboratórios BIAL in conjunction with the Council of Rectors of Portuguese Universities. BIAL’s Foundation mission is to foster the scientific study of Man from both the physical and spiritual perspectives.
Along the years the BIAL Foundation has developed an important relationship with the scientific community, first in Portugal and after worldwide. Today it is an institution of reference which aims to stimulate new researches that may help people, promote more health and contribute to new milestones to gain access to knowledge.
Among its activities the BIAL Foundation manages the BIAL Award, created in 1984, one of the most important awards in the Health field in Europe. The BIAL Award rewards both the basic and the clinical research distinguishing works of major impact in medical research.
The BIAL Foundation also assigns Scientific Research Scholarships for the study of neurophysiological and mental health in people, arousing the interest of researchers in the areas of Psychophysiology and Parapsychology.
To date the BIAL Foundation has supported 461 projects, more than 1000 researchers, with research groups in twenty-seven countries, resulting, until April 2013, in about 600 full papers, out of which 172 published in indexed international journals with an average impact factor of 3.6 and a substantial number of citations (1665).
Since 1996 the BIAL Foundation organizes the Symposia entitled "Behind and Beyond the Brain", a Forum that gathers well renowned neurosciences speakers and the BIAL Foundation Fellows which are spread around the world.
Classified as an institution of public utility, the BIAL Foundation includes among its patrons the Portuguese President, the Portuguese Universities Rectors' Council and the Portuguese Medical Association.
URL: http://www.bial.com/pt/
Accessibility: By permission

Reference code: PT/FB/BL
Entity holding: BIAL Foundation
Title: BIAL Grants
Start date: 1994
History:
In 1994 the BIAL Foundation launched a programme of science research grants with the aim of encouraging the research into Man’s physical and mental processes, namely in fields still largely unexplored but which warrant further scientific analysis, as Psychophysiology and Parapsychology.
Since its launch, applications to the BIAL grants have been increasing. Up to now 461 projects have been supported, involving more than 1000 researchers from 27 countries.
The approved applications have benefited from grants in amounts comprised between €5,000 and €50, 000. The amount to be granted is fixed by the Scientific board according to the needs of each project.
The supported projects have originated, until April 2013, in about 600 full papers, 172 out of which were published in indexed international journals with an average impact factor of 3.6 and a substantial number of citations (1665).
Among the BIAL Foundation fellows is worth highlighting the presence of scientists from prestigious universities from the United States, United Kingdom, Australia, Russia, Germany, Japan, France, Canada, and many others.
The BIAL grants are promoted biannually.

Reference code: PT/FB/BL-2020
Location: BF-GMS
Title:
2020 Grants
Start date: 2021-01

Reference code: PT/FB/BL-2020-099
Location: BF-GMS
Title:
099 - Beyond "mindfulness" and toward a modern science of meditative mastery and spiritual transformation
Duration: 2021-03 - 2024-02
Researcher(s):
Matthew Sacchet, Diego Pizzagalli, Remko van Lutterveld, Marta Bianciardi
Institution(s): Center for Depression, Anxiety, and Stress Research - CDASR, McLean Hospital, Belmont (USA)
Contents: Contents:
Application form
Correspondence
Research Funding Agreement
Progress report
Final report
Articles
Language: eng
Author:
Sacchet, M.
Secondary author(s):
Pizzagalli, D., van Lutterveld, R., Bianciardi, M.
Number of reproductions:
3
Keywords:
Advanced meditation / Enlightenment / Neuroimaging / Mindfulness meditation / Psychophysiology and Parapsychology

Reference code: PT/FB/BL-2020-099.12
Location: BF-GMS
Title:
Individualized functional brain system topologies and major depression: Relations among patch sizes and clinical profiles and behavior
Publication year: 2024
URL:
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bpsc.2024.02.011
Abstract/Results: ABSTRACT:
Background
Neuroimaging studies of major depression have been typically conducted using group-level approaches. However, given interindividual differences in brain systems, there is a need for individualized approaches to brain systems mapping and putative links toward diagnosis, symptoms, and behavior.
Method
We used an iterative parcellation approach to map individualized brain systems in 328 participants from a multi-site, placebo-controlled clinical trial. We hypothesized that depressed participants would show abnormalities in salience, control, default, and affective systems, which would be associated with higher levels of self-reported anhedonia, anxious arousal, and worse cognitive performance. Within hypothesized brain systems, we compared patch sizes (number of vertices) between depressed and healthy control groups. Within depressed groups, abnormal patches were correlated with hypothesized clinical and behavioral measures
Results
Significant group differences emerged in hypothesized patches of (a) the lateral salience system (parietal operculum; t=–3.11, p=0.002) and (b) control system (left medial posterior prefrontal cortex region; z=–3.63, p<0.001), with significantly smaller patches in these regions in depressed participants compared to healthy controls. Results suggest that depressed participants with significantly smaller patch sizes in lateral salience system and control system regions experience greater anxious arousal and cognitive deficits
Conclusion
Findings imply neural features mapped at the individual-level may relate meaningfully to diagnosis, symptoms, and behavior. There is strong clinical relevance in taking an individualized brain systems approach to mapping neural functional connectivity as these associated region patch sizes may help advance our understanding of neural features linked to psychopathology and foster future patient-specific clinical decision-making.
Accessibility: Document exists in file
Language:
eng
Author:
Sacchet, M. D.
Secondary author(s):
Keshava, P., Walsh, S. W, Potash, R. M., Li, M., Liu, H., Pizzagalli, D. A.
Document type:
Article
Number of reproductions:
3
Reference:
Sacchet, M. D., Keshava, P., Walsh, S. W., Potash, R. M., Li, M., Liu, H., & Pizzagalli, D. A. (2024). Individualized functional brain system topologies and major depression: Relations among patch sizes and clinical profiles and behavior. Biological Psychiatry. Cognitive Neuroscience and Neuroimaging, 9(6), 616-625. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bpsc.2024.02.011
2-year Impact Factor: 5.7|2023
Impact factor notes: Impact factor not available yet for 2024
Times cited: 2|2025-02-19
Indexed document: Yes
Quartile: Q1
Keywords: Major depressive disorder / Computational neuroimaging / Functional brain systems / Individualized brain mapping / Neuroscience / Person-specific approaches

Individualized functional brain system topologies and major depression: Relations among patch sizes and clinical profiles and behavior

Individualized functional brain system topologies and major depression: Relations among patch sizes and clinical profiles and behavior
DocumentNeurovascular dysfunction in psychiatric disorders: Underlying mechanisms and therapeutic approaches2025

Reference code: PT/FB
Entity holding: BIAL Foundation
Location: S. Mamede do Coronado
Title:
BIAL Foundation Archive
Start date: 1994
History:
The BIAL Foundation was created in 1994 by Laboratórios BIAL in conjunction with the Council of Rectors of Portuguese Universities. BIAL’s Foundation mission is to foster the scientific study of Man from both the physical and spiritual perspectives.
Along the years the BIAL Foundation has developed an important relationship with the scientific community, first in Portugal and after worldwide. Today it is an institution of reference which aims to stimulate new researches that may help people, promote more health and contribute to new milestones to gain access to knowledge.
Among its activities the BIAL Foundation manages the BIAL Award, created in 1984, one of the most important awards in the Health field in Europe. The BIAL Award rewards both the basic and the clinical research distinguishing works of major impact in medical research.
The BIAL Foundation also assigns Scientific Research Scholarships for the study of neurophysiological and mental health in people, arousing the interest of researchers in the areas of Psychophysiology and Parapsychology.
To date the BIAL Foundation has supported 461 projects, more than 1000 researchers, with research groups in twenty-seven countries, resulting, until April 2013, in about 600 full papers, out of which 172 published in indexed international journals with an average impact factor of 3.6 and a substantial number of citations (1665).
Since 1996 the BIAL Foundation organizes the Symposia entitled "Behind and Beyond the Brain", a Forum that gathers well renowned neurosciences speakers and the BIAL Foundation Fellows which are spread around the world.
Classified as an institution of public utility, the BIAL Foundation includes among its patrons the Portuguese President, the Portuguese Universities Rectors' Council and the Portuguese Medical Association.
URL: http://www.bial.com/pt/
Accessibility: By permission

Reference code: PT/FB/BL
Entity holding: BIAL Foundation
Title: BIAL Grants
Start date: 1994
History:
In 1994 the BIAL Foundation launched a programme of science research grants with the aim of encouraging the research into Man’s physical and mental processes, namely in fields still largely unexplored but which warrant further scientific analysis, as Psychophysiology and Parapsychology.
Since its launch, applications to the BIAL grants have been increasing. Up to now 461 projects have been supported, involving more than 1000 researchers from 27 countries.
The approved applications have benefited from grants in amounts comprised between €5,000 and €50, 000. The amount to be granted is fixed by the Scientific board according to the needs of each project.
The supported projects have originated, until April 2013, in about 600 full papers, 172 out of which were published in indexed international journals with an average impact factor of 3.6 and a substantial number of citations (1665).
Among the BIAL Foundation fellows is worth highlighting the presence of scientists from prestigious universities from the United States, United Kingdom, Australia, Russia, Germany, Japan, France, Canada, and many others.
The BIAL grants are promoted biannually.

Reference code: PT/FB/BL-2020
Location: BF-GMS
Title:
2020 Grants
Start date: 2021-01

Reference code: PT/FB/BL-2020-073
Location: BF-GMS
Title:
073 - Cerebrovascular hypothesis of stress-induced behavioral alterations
Duration: 2021-09
Researcher(s):
Ana Paula Silva, Filipa Baptista, Ana Rita Gaspar, Ricardo Leitão, Catarina Gomes
Institution(s): Centre for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology - CIBB, Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra (Portugal)
Contents: Contents:
Application form
Correspondence
Research Funding Agreement
Progress report
Article
Language: eng
Notes:
Ongoing project
Author: Silva, A. P.
Secondary author(s):
Baptist, F., Gaspar, A. R., Leitão, R., Gomes, C.
Number of reproductions:
1
Keywords:
Chronic stress / Blood-brain barrier / Sex differences / Complement component 3 / Psychophysiology

Reference code: PT/FB/BL-2020-073.02
Location: BF-GMS
Title:
Neurovascular dysfunction in psychiatric disorders: Underlying mechanisms and therapeutic approaches
Publication year: 2025
URL:
https://doi.org/10.1111/eci.14319
Abstract/Results: ABSTRACT:
Background: Neurovascular interfaces, specifically the blood-brain barrier (BBB) and blood-retinal barrier (BRB), play pivotal roles in maintaining the homeostasis of the central nervous system (CNS). For a long time, these structures were seen only as a way of protection, but we currently know that they have a critical role in CNS (dys)function. Several studies have identified neurovascular alterations in early stages of brain and eye diseases, contributing to the pathophysiology of such conditions. More recently, interesting data have also highlighted the importance of neurovasculature in psychiatric disorders. Methods: Using the PubMed database, we brought together the evidence concerning the changes in BBB and BRB under psychiatric conditions, with a focus on anxiety, major depressive disorder (MDD), attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and drug abuse, specifically related with methamphetamine (METH) and cocaine consumption. Results: We summarized the main findings obtained from in vitro and animal studies, as well as clinical research that has been undertaken to identify neurovascular abnormalities upon such neuropsychiatric disorders. The drivers of barrier alterations were examined, namely the role of neuroinflammation, while reporting putative barrier-associated biomarkers of these disorders. Conclusion: This review underscores the critical need for a deeper understanding of BBB and BRB function in neuropsychiatric conditions and their potential as therapeutic targets while elucidating the key players involved. The innovative approaches to managing these complex disorders are also addressed while bridging the gap concerning what is currently known regarding the association between neuropsychiatric conditions and their vascular implications.
Accessibility: Document does not exist in file
Language:
eng
Author:
Sanches, E. S.
Secondary author(s):
Simões, D., Baptista, F. I., Silva, A. P.
Document type:
Article
Number of reproductions:
1
Reference:
Sanches, E. S., Simões, D., Baptista, F. I., & Silva, A. P. (2025). Neurovascular dysfunction in psychiatric disorders: Underlying mechanisms and therapeutic approaches. European Journal of Clinical Investigation, 55(1), e14319. https://doi.org/10.1111/eci.14319
2-year Impact Factor: 4.4|2023
Impact factor notes: Impact factor not available yet for 2025
Times cited: 0|2025-02-19
Indexed document: Yes
Quartile: Q1
Keywords: Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder / Blood-brain barrier / Blood-retinal barrier / Drug abuse / Major depressive disorder / Neuroinflammation