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Type Title Begin End
DocumentNucleus accumbens microcircuit underlying D2-MSN-driven increase in motivation2018

Reference code: PT/FB
Entity holding: BIAL Foundation
Location: S. Mamede do Coronado
Title:
BIAL Foundation Archive
Start date: 1994
History:
The BIAL Foundation was created in 1994 by Laboratórios BIAL in conjunction with the Council of Rectors of Portuguese Universities. BIAL’s Foundation mission is to foster the scientific study of Man from both the physical and spiritual perspectives.
Along the years the BIAL Foundation has developed an important relationship with the scientific community, first in Portugal and after worldwide. Today it is an institution of reference which aims to stimulate new researches that may help people, promote more health and contribute to new milestones to gain access to knowledge.
Among its activities the BIAL Foundation manages the BIAL Award, created in 1984, one of the most important awards in the Health field in Europe. The BIAL Award rewards both the basic and the clinical research distinguishing works of major impact in medical research.
The BIAL Foundation also assigns Scientific Research Scholarships for the study of neurophysiological and mental health in people, arousing the interest of researchers in the areas of Psychophysiology and Parapsychology.
To date the BIAL Foundation has supported 461 projects, more than 1000 researchers, with research groups in twenty-seven countries, resulting, until April 2013, in about 600 full papers, out of which 172 published in indexed international journals with an average impact factor of 3.6 and a substantial number of citations (1665).
Since 1996 the BIAL Foundation organizes the Symposia entitled "Behind and Beyond the Brain", a Forum that gathers well renowned neurosciences speakers and the BIAL Foundation Fellows which are spread around the world.
Classified as an institution of public utility, the BIAL Foundation includes among its patrons the Portuguese President, the Portuguese Universities Rectors' Council and the Portuguese Medical Association.
URL: http://www.bial.com/pt/
Accessibility: By permission

Reference code: PT/FB/BL
Entity holding: BIAL Foundation
Title: BIAL Grants
Start date: 1994
History:
In 1994 the BIAL Foundation launched a programme of science research grants with the aim of encouraging the research into Man’s physical and mental processes, namely in fields still largely unexplored but which warrant further scientific analysis, as Psychophysiology and Parapsychology.
Since its launch, applications to the BIAL grants have been increasing. Up to now 461 projects have been supported, involving more than 1000 researchers from 27 countries.
The approved applications have benefited from grants in amounts comprised between €5,000 and €50, 000. The amount to be granted is fixed by the Scientific board according to the needs of each project.
The supported projects have originated, until April 2013, in about 600 full papers, 172 out of which were published in indexed international journals with an average impact factor of 3.6 and a substantial number of citations (1665).
Among the BIAL Foundation fellows is worth highlighting the presence of scientists from prestigious universities from the United States, United Kingdom, Australia, Russia, Germany, Japan, France, Canada, and many others.
The BIAL grants are promoted biannually.

Reference code: PT/FB/BL-2016
Location: BF-GMS
Title:
2016 Grants
Start date: 2017-01

Reference code: PT/FB/BL-2016-030
Location: BF-GMS
Title:
030 - Exploring the neural basis of motivation
Duration: 2017-01 - 2020-03
Researcher(s):
Ana João Rodrigues, Nivaldo Vasconcelos, Carina Cunha, Bárbara Coimbra, Laura Silva, Patrícia Monteiro, Sónia Borges, Pedro Morgado
Institution(s): Life and Health Sciences Research Institute - ICVS, School of Health Sciences, University of Minho, Braga (Portugal)
Contents: Contents:
Application form
Correspondence
Research Funding Agreement
Progress report
Final report
Articles
Author: Rodrigues, A. J.
Secondary author(s):
Vasconcelos, N., Cunha, C., Coimbra, B., Silva, L., Monteiro, P., Borges, S., Morgado, P.
Number of reproductions:
1
Keywords:
Reward / Reinforcement / Mesolimbic system / Behavior / Psychophysiology

Reference code: PT/FB/BL-2016-030.03
Location: BF-GMS
Title:
Nucleus accumbens microcircuit underlying D2-MSN-driven increase in motivation
Publication year: 2018
URL:
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5957524/
Abstract/Results: ABSTRACT:
The nucleus accumbens (NAc) plays a central role in reinforcement and motivation. Around 95% of the NAc neurons are medium spiny neurons (MSNs), divided into those expressing dopamine receptor D1 (D1R) or dopamine receptor D2 (D2R). Optogenetic activation of D2-MSNs increased motivation, whereas inhibition of these neurons produced the opposite effect. Yet, it is still unclear how activation of D2-MSNs affects other local neurons/interneurons or input terminals and how this contributes for motivation enhancement. To answer this question, in this work we combined optogenetic modulation of D2-MSNs with in loco pharmacological delivery of specific neurotransmitter antagonists in rats. First, we showed that optogenetic activation of D2-MSNs increases motivation in a progressive ratio (PR) task. We demonstrated that this behavioral effect relies on cholinergic-dependent modulation of dopaminergic signalling of ventral tegmental area (VTA) terminals, which requires D1R and D2R signalling in the NAc. D2-MSN optogenetic activation decreased ventral pallidum (VP) activity, reducing the inhibitory tone to VTA, leading to increased dopaminergic activity. Importantly, optogenetic activation of D2-MSN terminals in the VP was sufficient to recapitulate the motivation enhancement. In summary, our data suggests that optogenetic stimulation of NAc D2-MSNs indirectly modulates VTA dopaminergic activity, contributing for increased motivation. Moreover, both types of dopamine receptors signalling in the NAc are required in order to produce the positive behavioral effects.
Accessibility: Document exists in file
Language:
eng
Author:
Soares-Cunha, C.
Secondary author(s):
Coimbra, B., Domingues, A. V., Vasconcelos, N., Sousa, N., Rodrigues, A. J.
Document type:
Article
Number of reproductions:
1
Percentiles:
92.23|2.41
Reference:
Soares-Cunha, C., Coimbra, B., Domingues, A. V., Vasconcelos, N., Sousa, N., & Rodrigues, A. J. (2018). Nucleus accumbens microcircuit underlying D2-MSN-driven increase in motivation. eNeuro, 5(2), e0386-18. https://doi.org/10.1523/ENEURO.0386-18.2018
2-year Impact Factor: 3.544|2019
Impact factor notes: Impact factor computed since 2019
Times cited: 72|2026-02-11
Indexed document: Yes
Quartile: Q2
Keywords: Basal ganglia / Medium spiny neurons / Motivation / Nucleus accumbens / Optogenetics / Reward

Nucleus accumbens microcircuit underlying D2-MSN-driven increase in motivation

Nucleus accumbens microcircuit underlying D2-MSN-driven increase in motivation
Distinct roles of nucleus accumbens D2-MSN projections to ventral pallidum in different phases of motivated behavior2022

Reference code: PT/FB
Entity holding: BIAL Foundation
Location: S. Mamede do Coronado
Title:
BIAL Foundation Archive
Start date: 1994
History:
The BIAL Foundation was created in 1994 by Laboratórios BIAL in conjunction with the Council of Rectors of Portuguese Universities. BIAL’s Foundation mission is to foster the scientific study of Man from both the physical and spiritual perspectives.
Along the years the BIAL Foundation has developed an important relationship with the scientific community, first in Portugal and after worldwide. Today it is an institution of reference which aims to stimulate new researches that may help people, promote more health and contribute to new milestones to gain access to knowledge.
Among its activities the BIAL Foundation manages the BIAL Award, created in 1984, one of the most important awards in the Health field in Europe. The BIAL Award rewards both the basic and the clinical research distinguishing works of major impact in medical research.
The BIAL Foundation also assigns Scientific Research Scholarships for the study of neurophysiological and mental health in people, arousing the interest of researchers in the areas of Psychophysiology and Parapsychology.
To date the BIAL Foundation has supported 461 projects, more than 1000 researchers, with research groups in twenty-seven countries, resulting, until April 2013, in about 600 full papers, out of which 172 published in indexed international journals with an average impact factor of 3.6 and a substantial number of citations (1665).
Since 1996 the BIAL Foundation organizes the Symposia entitled "Behind and Beyond the Brain", a Forum that gathers well renowned neurosciences speakers and the BIAL Foundation Fellows which are spread around the world.
Classified as an institution of public utility, the BIAL Foundation includes among its patrons the Portuguese President, the Portuguese Universities Rectors' Council and the Portuguese Medical Association.
URL: http://www.bial.com/pt/
Accessibility: By permission

Reference code: PT/FB/BL
Entity holding: BIAL Foundation
Title: BIAL Grants
Start date: 1994
History:
In 1994 the BIAL Foundation launched a programme of science research grants with the aim of encouraging the research into Man’s physical and mental processes, namely in fields still largely unexplored but which warrant further scientific analysis, as Psychophysiology and Parapsychology.
Since its launch, applications to the BIAL grants have been increasing. Up to now 461 projects have been supported, involving more than 1000 researchers from 27 countries.
The approved applications have benefited from grants in amounts comprised between €5,000 and €50, 000. The amount to be granted is fixed by the Scientific board according to the needs of each project.
The supported projects have originated, until April 2013, in about 600 full papers, 172 out of which were published in indexed international journals with an average impact factor of 3.6 and a substantial number of citations (1665).
Among the BIAL Foundation fellows is worth highlighting the presence of scientists from prestigious universities from the United States, United Kingdom, Australia, Russia, Germany, Japan, France, Canada, and many others.
The BIAL grants are promoted biannually.

Reference code: PT/FB/BL-2020
Location: BF-GMS
Title:
2020 Grants
Start date: 2021-01

Reference code: PT/FB/BL-2020-175
Location: BF-GMS
Title:
175 - The role of nucleus accumbens in the perception of natural rewards
Duration: 2021-06 - 2025-01
Researcher(s):
Carina Cunha, Ana João Rodrigues, Nivaldo Vasconcelos, Rodrigo Oliveira, Bárbara Coimbra, Ana Verónica Domingues, Gabriela Martins
Institution(s): Life and Health Sciences Research Institute - ICVS, University of Minho, Braga (Portugal); Zuckerman Institute, Columbia University, New York City (USA)
Contents: Contents:
Application form
Correspondence
Research Funding Agreement
Progress report
Final report
Articles
Language: eng
Author:
Cunha, C.
Secondary author(s):
Rodrigues, A. J., Vasconcelos, N., Oliveira, R., Coimbra, B., Domingues, A. V., Martins, G.
Number of reproductions:
1
Keywords:
Nucleus accumbens / Reward / Calcium imaging / Optogenetics / Psychophysiology

Reference code: PT/FB/BL-2020-175.02
Location: BF-GMS
Title:
Distinct roles of nucleus accumbens D2-MSN projections to ventral pallidum in different phases of motivated behavior
Publication year: 2022
URL:
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2211124722001012
Abstract/Results: The nucleus accumbens (NAc) is a key region in motivated behaviors. NAc medium spiny neurons (MSNs) are divided into those expressing dopamine receptor D1 or D2. Classically, D1- and D2-MSNs have been described as having opposing roles in reinforcement, but recent evidence suggests a more complex role for D2-MSNs. Here, we show that optogenetic modulation of D2-MSN to ventral pallidum (VP) projections during different stages of motivated behavior has contrasting effects in motivation. Activation of D2-MSN-VP projections during a reward-predicting cue results in increased motivational drive, whereas activation at reward delivery decreases motivation; optical inhibition triggers the opposite behavioral effect. In addition, in a free-choice instrumental task, animals prefer the lever that originates one pellet in opposition to pellet plus D2-MSN-VP optogenetic activation and vice versa for optogenetic inhibition. In summary, D2-MSN-VP projections play different, and even opposing, roles in distinct phases of motivated behavior.
Accessibility: Document exists in file
Language:
eng
Author:
Soares-Cunha, C.
Secondary author(s):
Domingues. A. V., Correia, R., Coimbra, B., Vieitas-Gaspar, N., Vasconcelos, N., Pinto, L., Sousa, N., Rodrigues, A. J.
Document type:
Article
Number of reproductions:
1
Percentiles:
86.49|1.69
Reference:
Soares-Cunha, C., Domingues, A. V., Correia, R., Coimbra, B., Vieitas-Gaspar, N., Vasconcelos, N., Pinto, L., Sousa, N. & Rodrigues, A. J. (2022). Distintic role of nucleus accumbens D2-MSN projections to ventral pallidum in different phases of motivated behavior. Cell Reports, 38, 7 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.celrep.2022.110380
2-year Impact Factor: 8.800|2022
Times cited: 34|2026-02-13
Indexed document: Yes
Quartile: Q1
Keywords: Nucleus accumbens / Ventral pallidum / Reward / Motivation / Medium spiny neurons / D2 / Striatum

Distinct roles of nucleus accumbens D2-MSN projections to ventral pallidum in different phases of motivated behavior

Distinct roles of nucleus accumbens D2-MSN projections to ventral pallidum in different phases of motivated behavior
DocumentDistintic role of nucleus accumbens D2-MSN projections to ventral pallidum in different phases of motivated behavior2022

Reference code: PT/FB
Entity holding: BIAL Foundation
Location: S. Mamede do Coronado
Title:
BIAL Foundation Archive
Start date: 1994
History:
The BIAL Foundation was created in 1994 by Laboratórios BIAL in conjunction with the Council of Rectors of Portuguese Universities. BIAL’s Foundation mission is to foster the scientific study of Man from both the physical and spiritual perspectives.
Along the years the BIAL Foundation has developed an important relationship with the scientific community, first in Portugal and after worldwide. Today it is an institution of reference which aims to stimulate new researches that may help people, promote more health and contribute to new milestones to gain access to knowledge.
Among its activities the BIAL Foundation manages the BIAL Award, created in 1984, one of the most important awards in the Health field in Europe. The BIAL Award rewards both the basic and the clinical research distinguishing works of major impact in medical research.
The BIAL Foundation also assigns Scientific Research Scholarships for the study of neurophysiological and mental health in people, arousing the interest of researchers in the areas of Psychophysiology and Parapsychology.
To date the BIAL Foundation has supported 461 projects, more than 1000 researchers, with research groups in twenty-seven countries, resulting, until April 2013, in about 600 full papers, out of which 172 published in indexed international journals with an average impact factor of 3.6 and a substantial number of citations (1665).
Since 1996 the BIAL Foundation organizes the Symposia entitled "Behind and Beyond the Brain", a Forum that gathers well renowned neurosciences speakers and the BIAL Foundation Fellows which are spread around the world.
Classified as an institution of public utility, the BIAL Foundation includes among its patrons the Portuguese President, the Portuguese Universities Rectors' Council and the Portuguese Medical Association.
URL: http://www.bial.com/pt/
Accessibility: By permission

Reference code: PT/FB/BL
Entity holding: BIAL Foundation
Title: BIAL Grants
Start date: 1994
History:
In 1994 the BIAL Foundation launched a programme of science research grants with the aim of encouraging the research into Man’s physical and mental processes, namely in fields still largely unexplored but which warrant further scientific analysis, as Psychophysiology and Parapsychology.
Since its launch, applications to the BIAL grants have been increasing. Up to now 461 projects have been supported, involving more than 1000 researchers from 27 countries.
The approved applications have benefited from grants in amounts comprised between €5,000 and €50, 000. The amount to be granted is fixed by the Scientific board according to the needs of each project.
The supported projects have originated, until April 2013, in about 600 full papers, 172 out of which were published in indexed international journals with an average impact factor of 3.6 and a substantial number of citations (1665).
Among the BIAL Foundation fellows is worth highlighting the presence of scientists from prestigious universities from the United States, United Kingdom, Australia, Russia, Germany, Japan, France, Canada, and many others.
The BIAL grants are promoted biannually.

Reference code: PT/FB/BL-2016
Location: BF-GMS
Title:
2016 Grants
Start date: 2017-01

Reference code: PT/FB/BL-2016-030
Location: BF-GMS
Title:
030 - Exploring the neural basis of motivation
Duration: 2017-01 - 2020-03
Researcher(s):
Ana João Rodrigues, Nivaldo Vasconcelos, Carina Cunha, Bárbara Coimbra, Laura Silva, Patrícia Monteiro, Sónia Borges, Pedro Morgado
Institution(s): Life and Health Sciences Research Institute - ICVS, School of Health Sciences, University of Minho, Braga (Portugal)
Contents: Contents:
Application form
Correspondence
Research Funding Agreement
Progress report
Final report
Articles
Author: Rodrigues, A. J.
Secondary author(s):
Vasconcelos, N., Cunha, C., Coimbra, B., Silva, L., Monteiro, P., Borges, S., Morgado, P.
Number of reproductions:
1
Keywords:
Reward / Reinforcement / Mesolimbic system / Behavior / Psychophysiology

Reference code: PT/FB/BL-2016-030.11
Location: BF-GMS
Title:
Distintic role of nucleus accumbens D2-MSN projections to ventral pallidum in different phases of motivated behavior
Publication year: 2022
URL:
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2211124722001012
Abstract/Results: The nucleus accumbens (NAc) is a key region in motivated behaviors. NAc medium spiny neurons (MSNs) are divided into those expressing dopamine receptor D1 or D2. Classically, D1- and D2-MSNs have been described as having opposing roles in reinforcement, but recent evidence suggests a more complex role for D2-MSNs. Here, we show that optogenetic modulation of D2-MSN to ventral pallidum (VP) projections during different stages of motivated behavior has contrasting effects in motivation. Activation of D2-MSN-VP projections during a reward-predicting cue results in increased motivational drive, whereas activation at reward delivery decreases motivation; optical inhibition triggers the opposite behavioral effect. In addition, in a free-choice instrumental task, animals prefer the lever that originates one pellet in opposition to pellet plus D2-MSN-VP optogenetic activation and vice versa for optogenetic inhibition. In summary, D2-MSN-VP projections play different, and even opposing, roles in distinct phases of motivated behavior.
Accessibility: Document exists in file
Language:
eng
Author:
Soares-Cunha, C.
Secondary author(s):
Domingues, A. V., Correia, R., Coimbra, B., Vieitas-Gaspar, N., Vasconcelos, N., Pinto, L., Sousa, N., Rodrigues, A. J.
Document type:
Article-d
Number of reproductions:
1
Percentiles:
86.49|1.69
Reference:
Soares-Cunha, C., Domingues, A. V., Correia, R., Coimbra, B., Vieitas-Gaspar, N., Vasconcelos, N., Pinto, L., Sousa, N. & Rodrigues, A. J. (2022). Distintic role of nucleus accumbens D2-MSN projections to ventral pallidum in different phases of motivated behavior. Cell Reports, 38, 7. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.celrep.2022.110380
2-year Impact Factor: 8.800|2022
Times cited: 34|2026-02-13
Indexed document: Yes
Quartile: Q1
Keywords: Nucleus accumbens / Ventral pallidum / Reward / Motivation / Medium spiny neurons / D2 / Striatum

Distintic role of nucleus accumbens D2-MSN projections to ventral pallidum in different phases of motivated behavior

Distintic role of nucleus accumbens D2-MSN projections to ventral pallidum in different phases of motivated behavior
DocumentA novel perspective on the role of nucleus accumbens neurons in encoding associative learning2023

Reference code: PT/FB
Entity holding: BIAL Foundation
Location: S. Mamede do Coronado
Title:
BIAL Foundation Archive
Start date: 1994
History:
The BIAL Foundation was created in 1994 by Laboratórios BIAL in conjunction with the Council of Rectors of Portuguese Universities. BIAL’s Foundation mission is to foster the scientific study of Man from both the physical and spiritual perspectives.
Along the years the BIAL Foundation has developed an important relationship with the scientific community, first in Portugal and after worldwide. Today it is an institution of reference which aims to stimulate new researches that may help people, promote more health and contribute to new milestones to gain access to knowledge.
Among its activities the BIAL Foundation manages the BIAL Award, created in 1984, one of the most important awards in the Health field in Europe. The BIAL Award rewards both the basic and the clinical research distinguishing works of major impact in medical research.
The BIAL Foundation also assigns Scientific Research Scholarships for the study of neurophysiological and mental health in people, arousing the interest of researchers in the areas of Psychophysiology and Parapsychology.
To date the BIAL Foundation has supported 461 projects, more than 1000 researchers, with research groups in twenty-seven countries, resulting, until April 2013, in about 600 full papers, out of which 172 published in indexed international journals with an average impact factor of 3.6 and a substantial number of citations (1665).
Since 1996 the BIAL Foundation organizes the Symposia entitled "Behind and Beyond the Brain", a Forum that gathers well renowned neurosciences speakers and the BIAL Foundation Fellows which are spread around the world.
Classified as an institution of public utility, the BIAL Foundation includes among its patrons the Portuguese President, the Portuguese Universities Rectors' Council and the Portuguese Medical Association.
URL: http://www.bial.com/pt/
Accessibility: By permission

Reference code: PT/FB/BL
Entity holding: BIAL Foundation
Title: BIAL Grants
Start date: 1994
History:
In 1994 the BIAL Foundation launched a programme of science research grants with the aim of encouraging the research into Man’s physical and mental processes, namely in fields still largely unexplored but which warrant further scientific analysis, as Psychophysiology and Parapsychology.
Since its launch, applications to the BIAL grants have been increasing. Up to now 461 projects have been supported, involving more than 1000 researchers from 27 countries.
The approved applications have benefited from grants in amounts comprised between €5,000 and €50, 000. The amount to be granted is fixed by the Scientific board according to the needs of each project.
The supported projects have originated, until April 2013, in about 600 full papers, 172 out of which were published in indexed international journals with an average impact factor of 3.6 and a substantial number of citations (1665).
Among the BIAL Foundation fellows is worth highlighting the presence of scientists from prestigious universities from the United States, United Kingdom, Australia, Russia, Germany, Japan, France, Canada, and many others.
The BIAL grants are promoted biannually.

Reference code: PT/FB/BL-2020
Location: BF-GMS
Title:
2020 Grants
Start date: 2021-01

Reference code: PT/FB/BL-2020-175
Location: BF-GMS
Title:
175 - The role of nucleus accumbens in the perception of natural rewards
Duration: 2021-06 - 2025-01
Researcher(s):
Carina Cunha, Ana João Rodrigues, Nivaldo Vasconcelos, Rodrigo Oliveira, Bárbara Coimbra, Ana Verónica Domingues, Gabriela Martins
Institution(s): Life and Health Sciences Research Institute - ICVS, University of Minho, Braga (Portugal); Zuckerman Institute, Columbia University, New York City (USA)
Contents: Contents:
Application form
Correspondence
Research Funding Agreement
Progress report
Final report
Articles
Language: eng
Author:
Cunha, C.
Secondary author(s):
Rodrigues, A. J., Vasconcelos, N., Oliveira, R., Coimbra, B., Domingues, A. V., Martins, G.
Number of reproductions:
1
Keywords:
Nucleus accumbens / Reward / Calcium imaging / Optogenetics / Psychophysiology

Reference code: PT/FB/BL-2020-175.06
Location: BF-GMS
Title:
A novel perspective on the role of nucleus accumbens neurons in encoding associative learning
Publication year: 2023
URL:
https://febs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/1873-3468.14727
Abstract/Results: ABSTRACT:
The nucleus accumbens (NAc) has been considered a key brain region for encoding reward/aversion and cue-outcome associations. These processes are encoded by medium spiny neurons that express either dopamine receptor D1 (D1-MSNs) or D2 (D2-MSNs). Despite the well-established role of NAc neurons in encoding reward/aversion, the underlying processing by D1-/D2-MSNs remains largely unknown. Recent electrophysiological, optogenetic and calcium imaging studies provided insight on the complex role of D1- and D2-MSNs in these behaviours and helped to clarify their involvement in associative learning. Here, we critically discuss findings supporting an intricate and complementary role of NAc D1- and D2-MSNs in associative learning, emphasizing the need for additional studies in order to fully understand the role of these neurons in behaviour.
Accessibility: Document exists in file
Language:
eng
Author:
Domingues, A. V.
Secondary author(s):
Rodrigues, A. J., Soares-Cunha, C.
Document type:
Article
Number of reproductions:
1
Percentiles:
52.62|0.54
Reference:
Domingues, A. V., Rodrigues, A. J., & Soares-Cunha, C. (2023). A novel perspective on the role of nucleus accumbens neurons in encoding associative learning. FEBS letters, 597(21), 2601–2610. https://doi.org/10.1002/1873-3468.14727
2-year Impact Factor: 3.0|2023
Times cited: 5|2026-02-15
Indexed document: Yes
Quartile: Q2
Keywords: Associative learning / Aversion / Medium spiny neurons / Nucleus accumbens / Reward

A novel perspective on the role of nucleus accumbens neurons in encoding associative learning

A novel perspective on the role of nucleus accumbens neurons in encoding associative learning