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File147 - Metarepresentations of supernatural belief and the effect of context on physiological responses and cognitions2018-022023-07

Reference code: PT/FB
Entity holding: BIAL Foundation
Location: S. Mamede do Coronado
Title:
BIAL Foundation Archive
Start date: 1994
History:
The BIAL Foundation was created in 1994 by Laboratórios BIAL in conjunction with the Council of Rectors of Portuguese Universities. BIAL’s Foundation mission is to foster the scientific study of Man from both the physical and spiritual perspectives.
Along the years the BIAL Foundation has developed an important relationship with the scientific community, first in Portugal and after worldwide. Today it is an institution of reference which aims to stimulate new researches that may help people, promote more health and contribute to new milestones to gain access to knowledge.
Among its activities the BIAL Foundation manages the BIAL Award, created in 1984, one of the most important awards in the Health field in Europe. The BIAL Award rewards both the basic and the clinical research distinguishing works of major impact in medical research.
The BIAL Foundation also assigns Scientific Research Scholarships for the study of neurophysiological and mental health in people, arousing the interest of researchers in the areas of Psychophysiology and Parapsychology.
To date the BIAL Foundation has supported 461 projects, more than 1000 researchers, with research groups in twenty-seven countries, resulting, until April 2013, in about 600 full papers, out of which 172 published in indexed international journals with an average impact factor of 3.6 and a substantial number of citations (1665).
Since 1996 the BIAL Foundation organizes the Symposia entitled "Behind and Beyond the Brain", a Forum that gathers well renowned neurosciences speakers and the BIAL Foundation Fellows which are spread around the world.
Classified as an institution of public utility, the BIAL Foundation includes among its patrons the Portuguese President, the Portuguese Universities Rectors' Council and the Portuguese Medical Association.
URL: http://www.bial.com/pt/
Accessibility: By permission

Reference code: PT/FB/BL
Entity holding: BIAL Foundation
Title: BIAL Grants
Start date: 1994
History:
In 1994 the BIAL Foundation launched a programme of science research grants with the aim of encouraging the research into Man’s physical and mental processes, namely in fields still largely unexplored but which warrant further scientific analysis, as Psychophysiology and Parapsychology.
Since its launch, applications to the BIAL grants have been increasing. Up to now 461 projects have been supported, involving more than 1000 researchers from 27 countries.
The approved applications have benefited from grants in amounts comprised between €5,000 and €50, 000. The amount to be granted is fixed by the Scientific board according to the needs of each project.
The supported projects have originated, until April 2013, in about 600 full papers, 172 out of which were published in indexed international journals with an average impact factor of 3.6 and a substantial number of citations (1665).
Among the BIAL Foundation fellows is worth highlighting the presence of scientists from prestigious universities from the United States, United Kingdom, Australia, Russia, Germany, Japan, France, Canada, and many others.
The BIAL grants are promoted biannually.

Reference code: PT/FB/BL-2016
Location: BF-GMS
Title:
2016 Grants
Start date: 2017-01

Reference code: PT/FB/BL-2016-147
Location: BF-GMS
Title:
147 - Metarepresentations of supernatural belief and the effect of context on physiological responses and cognitions
Duration: 2018-02 - 2023-07
Researcher(s):
Malcolm Schofield, Ian Baker, David Sheffield, Paul Staples
Institution(s): Department of Psychology, College of Life and Natural Sciences, University of Derby (UK)
Contents: Contents:
Application form
Correspondence
Research Funding Agreement
Progress report
Final report
Author: Schofield, M.
Secondary author(s):
Baker, I., Sheffield, D., Staples, P.
Number of reproductions:
1
Keywords:
Supernatural / Priming / Cognition / Psychophysiology
DocumentFinal report - Metarepresentations of supernatural belief and the effect of context on physiological responses and cognitions2023

Reference code: PT/FB
Entity holding: BIAL Foundation
Location: S. Mamede do Coronado
Title:
BIAL Foundation Archive
Start date: 1994
History:
The BIAL Foundation was created in 1994 by Laboratórios BIAL in conjunction with the Council of Rectors of Portuguese Universities. BIAL’s Foundation mission is to foster the scientific study of Man from both the physical and spiritual perspectives.
Along the years the BIAL Foundation has developed an important relationship with the scientific community, first in Portugal and after worldwide. Today it is an institution of reference which aims to stimulate new researches that may help people, promote more health and contribute to new milestones to gain access to knowledge.
Among its activities the BIAL Foundation manages the BIAL Award, created in 1984, one of the most important awards in the Health field in Europe. The BIAL Award rewards both the basic and the clinical research distinguishing works of major impact in medical research.
The BIAL Foundation also assigns Scientific Research Scholarships for the study of neurophysiological and mental health in people, arousing the interest of researchers in the areas of Psychophysiology and Parapsychology.
To date the BIAL Foundation has supported 461 projects, more than 1000 researchers, with research groups in twenty-seven countries, resulting, until April 2013, in about 600 full papers, out of which 172 published in indexed international journals with an average impact factor of 3.6 and a substantial number of citations (1665).
Since 1996 the BIAL Foundation organizes the Symposia entitled "Behind and Beyond the Brain", a Forum that gathers well renowned neurosciences speakers and the BIAL Foundation Fellows which are spread around the world.
Classified as an institution of public utility, the BIAL Foundation includes among its patrons the Portuguese President, the Portuguese Universities Rectors' Council and the Portuguese Medical Association.
URL: http://www.bial.com/pt/
Accessibility: By permission

Reference code: PT/FB/BL
Entity holding: BIAL Foundation
Title: BIAL Grants
Start date: 1994
History:
In 1994 the BIAL Foundation launched a programme of science research grants with the aim of encouraging the research into Man’s physical and mental processes, namely in fields still largely unexplored but which warrant further scientific analysis, as Psychophysiology and Parapsychology.
Since its launch, applications to the BIAL grants have been increasing. Up to now 461 projects have been supported, involving more than 1000 researchers from 27 countries.
The approved applications have benefited from grants in amounts comprised between €5,000 and €50, 000. The amount to be granted is fixed by the Scientific board according to the needs of each project.
The supported projects have originated, until April 2013, in about 600 full papers, 172 out of which were published in indexed international journals with an average impact factor of 3.6 and a substantial number of citations (1665).
Among the BIAL Foundation fellows is worth highlighting the presence of scientists from prestigious universities from the United States, United Kingdom, Australia, Russia, Germany, Japan, France, Canada, and many others.
The BIAL grants are promoted biannually.

Reference code: PT/FB/BL-2016
Location: BF-GMS
Title:
2016 Grants
Start date: 2017-01

Reference code: PT/FB/BL-2016-147
Location: BF-GMS
Title:
147 - Metarepresentations of supernatural belief and the effect of context on physiological responses and cognitions
Duration: 2018-02 - 2023-07
Researcher(s):
Malcolm Schofield, Ian Baker, David Sheffield, Paul Staples
Institution(s): Department of Psychology, College of Life and Natural Sciences, University of Derby (UK)
Contents: Contents:
Application form
Correspondence
Research Funding Agreement
Progress report
Final report
Author: Schofield, M.
Secondary author(s):
Baker, I., Sheffield, D., Staples, P.
Number of reproductions:
1
Keywords:
Supernatural / Priming / Cognition / Psychophysiology

Reference code: PT/FB/BL-2016-147.01
Location: BF-GMS
Title:
Final report - Metarepresentations of supernatural belief and the effect of context on physiological responses and cognitions
Publication year: 2023
Abstract/Results:
ABSTRACT:
BACKGROUND
This project will build on the model of supernatural belief, cognition and personality proposed by Schofield et al. (2021) by introducing physiological measures. Implicit belief and context will be manipulated to further study the belief and cognition interaction. The interplay between cognitive processes and implicit belief may manifest itself as a physiological response in the form of somatic markers, i.e. changes in the autonomic nervous system.
AIMS
Examine implicit belief and its effect on explicit belief by examining the evidence for implicit belief using context and physiological
METHOD
Study one recruited 172 participants and used three religious, paranormal and neutral contexts as primes. Implicit association was measured using a modified Brief Implicit Association Test that looked at paranormal and religious belief. This and the subsequent study also measured explicit supernatural belief, cognitive reflection, unhelpful metacognitions, and confidence. Study two recruited 44 participants and showed them cognitively complex and cognitively simple tasks while taking physiological measures of heart rate, blood pressure and skin conductance.
RESULTS
For study one, a hierarchical multiple regression revealed that a lower belief in the supernatural (apart from psychokinesis), a religious prime and high confidence predicts reflective thinking. Common paranormal perceptions, religious prime and confidence were significant predictors in the model. For study two, a Path Analysis found that the change in skin conductance between cognitively complex and cognitively simple tasks was positively predicted by belief in mental and psychic phenomena, psychokinesis, and common paranormal perceptions. Belief in psychokinesis was also negatively predicted by lack of cognitive confidence and positively predicted by negative beliefs about uncontrollability and danger. Belief in supernatural entities is positively predicted by the need to control thoughts. Study two findings are preliminary, and more data is to be collected.
CONCLUSIONS
Study one suggests that the religious prime influenced participants to be more analytical. Furthermore, study two indicates that skin conductance is a biomarker for analytical tasks in paranormal believers, which is not present in religious believers. This points to stress and threat response's role in a belief polarisation paradigm and an implicit role for belief.
Accessibility: Document exists in file
Language:
eng
Author:
Schofield, M. B.
Secondary author(s):
Sheffield, D, Baker, I.
Document type:
Final report
Number of reproductions:
1
Reference:
Schofield, M. B., Sheffield, D., & Baker, I. (2023). Final report - Metarepresentations of supernatural belief and the effect of context on physiological responses and cognitions.
Indexed document: No
Keywords: Supernatural / Cognition / Priming / Psychophysiology / Somatic markers hypothesis

Final report - Metarepresentations of supernatural belief and the effect of context on physiological responses and cognitions

Final report - Metarepresentations of supernatural belief and the effect of context on physiological responses and cognitions
DocumentMetarepresentations of Supernatural Belief and the Effect of Context on Cognition2022

Reference code: PT/FB
Entity holding: BIAL Foundation
Location: S. Mamede do Coronado
Title:
BIAL Foundation Archive
Start date: 1994
History:
The BIAL Foundation was created in 1994 by Laboratórios BIAL in conjunction with the Council of Rectors of Portuguese Universities. BIAL’s Foundation mission is to foster the scientific study of Man from both the physical and spiritual perspectives.
Along the years the BIAL Foundation has developed an important relationship with the scientific community, first in Portugal and after worldwide. Today it is an institution of reference which aims to stimulate new researches that may help people, promote more health and contribute to new milestones to gain access to knowledge.
Among its activities the BIAL Foundation manages the BIAL Award, created in 1984, one of the most important awards in the Health field in Europe. The BIAL Award rewards both the basic and the clinical research distinguishing works of major impact in medical research.
The BIAL Foundation also assigns Scientific Research Scholarships for the study of neurophysiological and mental health in people, arousing the interest of researchers in the areas of Psychophysiology and Parapsychology.
To date the BIAL Foundation has supported 461 projects, more than 1000 researchers, with research groups in twenty-seven countries, resulting, until April 2013, in about 600 full papers, out of which 172 published in indexed international journals with an average impact factor of 3.6 and a substantial number of citations (1665).
Since 1996 the BIAL Foundation organizes the Symposia entitled "Behind and Beyond the Brain", a Forum that gathers well renowned neurosciences speakers and the BIAL Foundation Fellows which are spread around the world.
Classified as an institution of public utility, the BIAL Foundation includes among its patrons the Portuguese President, the Portuguese Universities Rectors' Council and the Portuguese Medical Association.
URL: http://www.bial.com/pt/
Accessibility: By permission

Reference code: PT/FB/BL
Entity holding: BIAL Foundation
Title: BIAL Grants
Start date: 1994
History:
In 1994 the BIAL Foundation launched a programme of science research grants with the aim of encouraging the research into Man’s physical and mental processes, namely in fields still largely unexplored but which warrant further scientific analysis, as Psychophysiology and Parapsychology.
Since its launch, applications to the BIAL grants have been increasing. Up to now 461 projects have been supported, involving more than 1000 researchers from 27 countries.
The approved applications have benefited from grants in amounts comprised between €5,000 and €50, 000. The amount to be granted is fixed by the Scientific board according to the needs of each project.
The supported projects have originated, until April 2013, in about 600 full papers, 172 out of which were published in indexed international journals with an average impact factor of 3.6 and a substantial number of citations (1665).
Among the BIAL Foundation fellows is worth highlighting the presence of scientists from prestigious universities from the United States, United Kingdom, Australia, Russia, Germany, Japan, France, Canada, and many others.
The BIAL grants are promoted biannually.

Reference code: PT/FB/BL-2016
Location: BF-GMS
Title:
2016 Grants
Start date: 2017-01

Reference code: PT/FB/BL-2016-147
Location: BF-GMS
Title:
147 - Metarepresentations of supernatural belief and the effect of context on physiological responses and cognitions
Duration: 2018-02 - 2023-07
Researcher(s):
Malcolm Schofield, Ian Baker, David Sheffield, Paul Staples
Institution(s): Department of Psychology, College of Life and Natural Sciences, University of Derby (UK)
Contents: Contents:
Application form
Correspondence
Research Funding Agreement
Progress report
Final report
Author: Schofield, M.
Secondary author(s):
Baker, I., Sheffield, D., Staples, P.
Number of reproductions:
1
Keywords:
Supernatural / Priming / Cognition / Psychophysiology

Reference code: PT/FB/BL-2016-147.02
Location: BF-GMS
Title:
Metarepresentations of Supernatural Belief and the Effect of Context on Cognition
Publication year: 2022
URL:
https://journalofscientificexploration.org/index.php/jse/article/view/2501
Abstract/Results: ABSTRACT:
This study aimed to see if context in the form of priming can alter a participants thinking style based on their level of implicit association with either a religious or paranormal belief. This was based on the theory of alief, when a person’s explicit belief and behaviour are mismatched. This was also linked to dual process theory, with alief being analogous to type one thinking styles (fast and automatic). One hundred and seventy-two participants were recruited from the University of Derby and social media. Implicit association was measured using a modified Brief Implicit Association Test that looked at paranormal and religious belief. Explicit supernatural belief, cognitive reflection, metacognition, and confidence were also measured. A hierarchical multiple regression revealed that a lower belief in the supernatural (apart from psychokinesis), a religious prime and high confidence predicted reflective thinking. Common paranormal perceptions, religious prime and confidence were significant predictors in the model. It was concluded that the prime worked on a moral level and influenced someone with an already open mind to different beliefs to be more analytical, positive, and confident. This study does not support the theory of alief, however, it indicates certain beliefs are susceptible to a certain prime, and that a person can be influenced to be more analytical.
Accessibility: Document exists in file
Language:
eng
Author:
Schofield, M.
Secondary author(s):
Sheffield, D., Baker, I.
Document type:
Article
Number of reproductions:
1
Reference:
Schofield, M., Sheffield, D., & Baker, I. (2022). Metarepresentations of Supernatural Belief and the Effect of Context on Cognition. Journal of Scientific Exploration, 36(2), 289-297. https://doi.org/10.31275/20222501
Indexed document: No
Keywords: Priming / Religious belief / Paranormal belief / Implicit association

Metarepresentations of Supernatural Belief and the Effect of Context on Cognition

Metarepresentations of Supernatural Belief and the Effect of Context on Cognition