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File150 - A neuroscience approach to investigating how hierarchy influences moral behaviour2019-102025-03

Reference code: PT/FB
Entity holding: BIAL Foundation
Location: S. Mamede do Coronado
Title:
BIAL Foundation Archive
Start date: 1994
History:
The BIAL Foundation was created in 1994 by Laboratórios BIAL in conjunction with the Council of Rectors of Portuguese Universities. BIAL’s Foundation mission is to foster the scientific study of Man from both the physical and spiritual perspectives.
Along the years the BIAL Foundation has developed an important relationship with the scientific community, first in Portugal and after worldwide. Today it is an institution of reference which aims to stimulate new researches that may help people, promote more health and contribute to new milestones to gain access to knowledge.
Among its activities the BIAL Foundation manages the BIAL Award, created in 1984, one of the most important awards in the Health field in Europe. The BIAL Award rewards both the basic and the clinical research distinguishing works of major impact in medical research.
The BIAL Foundation also assigns Scientific Research Scholarships for the study of neurophysiological and mental health in people, arousing the interest of researchers in the areas of Psychophysiology and Parapsychology.
To date the BIAL Foundation has supported 461 projects, more than 1000 researchers, with research groups in twenty-seven countries, resulting, until April 2013, in about 600 full papers, out of which 172 published in indexed international journals with an average impact factor of 3.6 and a substantial number of citations (1665).
Since 1996 the BIAL Foundation organizes the Symposia entitled "Behind and Beyond the Brain", a Forum that gathers well renowned neurosciences speakers and the BIAL Foundation Fellows which are spread around the world.
Classified as an institution of public utility, the BIAL Foundation includes among its patrons the Portuguese President, the Portuguese Universities Rectors' Council and the Portuguese Medical Association.
URL: http://www.bial.com/pt/
Accessibility: By permission

Reference code: PT/FB/BL
Entity holding: BIAL Foundation
Title: BIAL Grants
Start date: 1994
History:
In 1994 the BIAL Foundation launched a programme of science research grants with the aim of encouraging the research into Man’s physical and mental processes, namely in fields still largely unexplored but which warrant further scientific analysis, as Psychophysiology and Parapsychology.
Since its launch, applications to the BIAL grants have been increasing. Up to now 461 projects have been supported, involving more than 1000 researchers from 27 countries.
The approved applications have benefited from grants in amounts comprised between €5,000 and €50, 000. The amount to be granted is fixed by the Scientific board according to the needs of each project.
The supported projects have originated, until April 2013, in about 600 full papers, 172 out of which were published in indexed international journals with an average impact factor of 3.6 and a substantial number of citations (1665).
Among the BIAL Foundation fellows is worth highlighting the presence of scientists from prestigious universities from the United States, United Kingdom, Australia, Russia, Germany, Japan, France, Canada, and many others.
The BIAL grants are promoted biannually.

Reference code: PT/FB/BL-2018
Location: BF-GMS
Title:
2018 Grants
Start date: 2019-01

Reference code: PT/FB/BL-2018-150
Location: BF-GMS
Title:
150 - A neuroscience approach to investigating how hierarchy influences moral behaviour
Duration: 2019-10 - 2025-03
Researcher(s):
Axel Cleeremans, Emilie Caspar
Institution(s): Center for Research in Cognition and Neuroscience, Université libre de Bruxelles (Belgium); Department of behavioural sciences, Royal Military Academy, Brussels (Belgium)
Contents: Contents:
Application form
Correspondence
Research Funding Agreement
Progress Report
Final Report
Articles
Language: eng
Author:
Cleeremans, A.
Secondary author(s):
Caspar, E. A.
Number of reproductions:
1
Keywords:
Sense of agency / Empathy / Coercion / Military / Psychophysiology

DocumentJust following orders: Atrocities and the brain science of obedience2024

Reference code: PT/FB
Entity holding: BIAL Foundation
Location: S. Mamede do Coronado
Title:
BIAL Foundation Archive
Start date: 1994
History:
The BIAL Foundation was created in 1994 by Laboratórios BIAL in conjunction with the Council of Rectors of Portuguese Universities. BIAL’s Foundation mission is to foster the scientific study of Man from both the physical and spiritual perspectives.
Along the years the BIAL Foundation has developed an important relationship with the scientific community, first in Portugal and after worldwide. Today it is an institution of reference which aims to stimulate new researches that may help people, promote more health and contribute to new milestones to gain access to knowledge.
Among its activities the BIAL Foundation manages the BIAL Award, created in 1984, one of the most important awards in the Health field in Europe. The BIAL Award rewards both the basic and the clinical research distinguishing works of major impact in medical research.
The BIAL Foundation also assigns Scientific Research Scholarships for the study of neurophysiological and mental health in people, arousing the interest of researchers in the areas of Psychophysiology and Parapsychology.
To date the BIAL Foundation has supported 461 projects, more than 1000 researchers, with research groups in twenty-seven countries, resulting, until April 2013, in about 600 full papers, out of which 172 published in indexed international journals with an average impact factor of 3.6 and a substantial number of citations (1665).
Since 1996 the BIAL Foundation organizes the Symposia entitled "Behind and Beyond the Brain", a Forum that gathers well renowned neurosciences speakers and the BIAL Foundation Fellows which are spread around the world.
Classified as an institution of public utility, the BIAL Foundation includes among its patrons the Portuguese President, the Portuguese Universities Rectors' Council and the Portuguese Medical Association.
URL: http://www.bial.com/pt/
Accessibility: By permission

Reference code: PT/FB/BL
Entity holding: BIAL Foundation
Title: BIAL Grants
Start date: 1994
History:
In 1994 the BIAL Foundation launched a programme of science research grants with the aim of encouraging the research into Man’s physical and mental processes, namely in fields still largely unexplored but which warrant further scientific analysis, as Psychophysiology and Parapsychology.
Since its launch, applications to the BIAL grants have been increasing. Up to now 461 projects have been supported, involving more than 1000 researchers from 27 countries.
The approved applications have benefited from grants in amounts comprised between €5,000 and €50, 000. The amount to be granted is fixed by the Scientific board according to the needs of each project.
The supported projects have originated, until April 2013, in about 600 full papers, 172 out of which were published in indexed international journals with an average impact factor of 3.6 and a substantial number of citations (1665).
Among the BIAL Foundation fellows is worth highlighting the presence of scientists from prestigious universities from the United States, United Kingdom, Australia, Russia, Germany, Japan, France, Canada, and many others.
The BIAL grants are promoted biannually.

Reference code: PT/FB/BL-2018
Location: BF-GMS
Title:
2018 Grants
Start date: 2019-01

Reference code: PT/FB/BL-2018-150
Location: BF-GMS
Title:
150 - A neuroscience approach to investigating how hierarchy influences moral behaviour
Duration: 2019-10 - 2025-03
Researcher(s):
Axel Cleeremans, Emilie Caspar
Institution(s): Center for Research in Cognition and Neuroscience, Université libre de Bruxelles (Belgium); Department of behavioural sciences, Royal Military Academy, Brussels (Belgium)
Contents: Contents:
Application form
Correspondence
Research Funding Agreement
Progress Report
Final Report
Articles
Language: eng
Author:
Cleeremans, A.
Secondary author(s):
Caspar, E. A.
Number of reproductions:
1
Keywords:
Sense of agency / Empathy / Coercion / Military / Psychophysiology

Reference code: PT/FB/BL-2018-150.02
Location: BF-GMS
Title:
Just following orders: Atrocities and the brain science of obedience
Publication year: 2024
URL:
https://doi.org/10.1017/9781009385428
Abstract/Results: ABSTRACT:
How can obedience and carrying out orders lead to horrific acts such as the Holocaust or the genocides in Rwanda, Cambodia, or Bosnia? For the most part, it is a mystery why obeying instructions from an authority can convince people to kill other human beings, sometimes without hesitation and with incredible cruelty. Combining social and cognitive neuroscience with real-life accounts from genocide perpetrators, this book sheds light on the process through which obedience influences cognition and behavior. Emilie Caspar, a leading expert in the field, translates this neuroscientific approach into a clear, uncomplicated explanation, even for those with no background in psychology or neuroscience. By better understanding humanity's propensity for direct orders to short-circuit our own independent decision-making, we can edge closer to effective prevention processes.
Accessibility: Document does not exist in file
Language:
eng
Author:
Caspar, E. A.
Document type:
Book
Number of reproductions:
1
Reference:
Caspar, E. A. (2024). Just following orders: Atrocities and the brain science of obedience. Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/9781009385428
Indexed document: No

DocumentNeural correlates of the sense of agency in free and coerced moral decision-making among civilians and military personnel2025

Reference code: PT/FB
Entity holding: BIAL Foundation
Location: S. Mamede do Coronado
Title:
BIAL Foundation Archive
Start date: 1994
History:
The BIAL Foundation was created in 1994 by Laboratórios BIAL in conjunction with the Council of Rectors of Portuguese Universities. BIAL’s Foundation mission is to foster the scientific study of Man from both the physical and spiritual perspectives.
Along the years the BIAL Foundation has developed an important relationship with the scientific community, first in Portugal and after worldwide. Today it is an institution of reference which aims to stimulate new researches that may help people, promote more health and contribute to new milestones to gain access to knowledge.
Among its activities the BIAL Foundation manages the BIAL Award, created in 1984, one of the most important awards in the Health field in Europe. The BIAL Award rewards both the basic and the clinical research distinguishing works of major impact in medical research.
The BIAL Foundation also assigns Scientific Research Scholarships for the study of neurophysiological and mental health in people, arousing the interest of researchers in the areas of Psychophysiology and Parapsychology.
To date the BIAL Foundation has supported 461 projects, more than 1000 researchers, with research groups in twenty-seven countries, resulting, until April 2013, in about 600 full papers, out of which 172 published in indexed international journals with an average impact factor of 3.6 and a substantial number of citations (1665).
Since 1996 the BIAL Foundation organizes the Symposia entitled "Behind and Beyond the Brain", a Forum that gathers well renowned neurosciences speakers and the BIAL Foundation Fellows which are spread around the world.
Classified as an institution of public utility, the BIAL Foundation includes among its patrons the Portuguese President, the Portuguese Universities Rectors' Council and the Portuguese Medical Association.
URL: http://www.bial.com/pt/
Accessibility: By permission

Reference code: PT/FB/BL
Entity holding: BIAL Foundation
Title: BIAL Grants
Start date: 1994
History:
In 1994 the BIAL Foundation launched a programme of science research grants with the aim of encouraging the research into Man’s physical and mental processes, namely in fields still largely unexplored but which warrant further scientific analysis, as Psychophysiology and Parapsychology.
Since its launch, applications to the BIAL grants have been increasing. Up to now 461 projects have been supported, involving more than 1000 researchers from 27 countries.
The approved applications have benefited from grants in amounts comprised between €5,000 and €50, 000. The amount to be granted is fixed by the Scientific board according to the needs of each project.
The supported projects have originated, until April 2013, in about 600 full papers, 172 out of which were published in indexed international journals with an average impact factor of 3.6 and a substantial number of citations (1665).
Among the BIAL Foundation fellows is worth highlighting the presence of scientists from prestigious universities from the United States, United Kingdom, Australia, Russia, Germany, Japan, France, Canada, and many others.
The BIAL grants are promoted biannually.

Reference code: PT/FB/BL-2018
Location: BF-GMS
Title:
2018 Grants
Start date: 2019-01

Reference code: PT/FB/BL-2018-150
Location: BF-GMS
Title:
150 - A neuroscience approach to investigating how hierarchy influences moral behaviour
Duration: 2019-10 - 2025-03
Researcher(s):
Axel Cleeremans, Emilie Caspar
Institution(s): Center for Research in Cognition and Neuroscience, Université libre de Bruxelles (Belgium); Department of behavioural sciences, Royal Military Academy, Brussels (Belgium)
Contents: Contents:
Application form
Correspondence
Research Funding Agreement
Progress Report
Final Report
Articles
Language: eng
Author:
Cleeremans, A.
Secondary author(s):
Caspar, E. A.
Number of reproductions:
1
Keywords:
Sense of agency / Empathy / Coercion / Military / Psychophysiology

Reference code: PT/FB/BL-2018-150.03
Location: BF-GMS
Title:
Neural correlates of the sense of agency in free and coerced moral decision-making among civilians and military personnel
Publication year: 2025
URL:
https://doi.org/10.1093/cercor/bhaf049
Abstract/Results: ABSTRACT:
The sense of agency, the feeling of being the author of one’s actions and outcomes, is critical for decision-making. While prior research has explored its neural correlates, most studies have focused on neutral tasks, overlooking moral decision-making. In addition, previous studies mainly used convenience samples, ignoring that some social environments may influence how authorship in moral decision-making is processed. This study investigated the neural correlates of sense of agency in civilians and military officer cadets, examining free and coerced choices in both agent and commander roles. Using a functional magnetic resonance imaging paradigm where participants could either freely choose or follow orders to inflict a mild shock on a victim, we assessed sense of agency through temporal binding—a temporal distortion between voluntary and less voluntary decisions. Our findings suggested that sense of agency is reduced when following orders compared to acting freely in both roles. Several brain regions correlated with temporal binding, notably the occipital lobe, superior/middle/inferior frontal gyrus, precuneus, and lateral occipital cortex. Importantly, no differences emerged between military and civilians at corrected thresholds, suggesting that daily environments have minimal influence on the neural basis of moral decision-making, enhancing the generalizability of the findings.
Accessibility: Document exists in file
Copyright/Reproduction:
By permission
Language:
eng
Author:
Caspar, E. A.
Secondary author(s):
Rovai, A., Lo Bue, S., Cleeremans, A.
Document type:
Article
Number of reproductions:
1
Reference:
Caspar, E. A., Rovai, A., Lo Bue, S., & Cleeremans, A. (2025). Neural correlates of the sense of agency in free and coerced moral decision-making among civilians and military personnel. Cerebral Cortex, 35(3), bhaf049. https://doi.org/10.1093/cercor/bhaf049
2-year Impact Factor: 2.9|2023
Impact factor notes: Impact factor not available yet for 2025
Times cited: 0|2025-03-17
Indexed document: Yes
Quartile: Q2
Keywords: Decision-making / fMRI / Military / Sense of agency / Temporal binding

DocumentFinal report - A neuroscience approach to investigating how hierarchy influences moral behaviour2024

Reference code: PT/FB
Entity holding: BIAL Foundation
Location: S. Mamede do Coronado
Title:
BIAL Foundation Archive
Start date: 1994
History:
The BIAL Foundation was created in 1994 by Laboratórios BIAL in conjunction with the Council of Rectors of Portuguese Universities. BIAL’s Foundation mission is to foster the scientific study of Man from both the physical and spiritual perspectives.
Along the years the BIAL Foundation has developed an important relationship with the scientific community, first in Portugal and after worldwide. Today it is an institution of reference which aims to stimulate new researches that may help people, promote more health and contribute to new milestones to gain access to knowledge.
Among its activities the BIAL Foundation manages the BIAL Award, created in 1984, one of the most important awards in the Health field in Europe. The BIAL Award rewards both the basic and the clinical research distinguishing works of major impact in medical research.
The BIAL Foundation also assigns Scientific Research Scholarships for the study of neurophysiological and mental health in people, arousing the interest of researchers in the areas of Psychophysiology and Parapsychology.
To date the BIAL Foundation has supported 461 projects, more than 1000 researchers, with research groups in twenty-seven countries, resulting, until April 2013, in about 600 full papers, out of which 172 published in indexed international journals with an average impact factor of 3.6 and a substantial number of citations (1665).
Since 1996 the BIAL Foundation organizes the Symposia entitled "Behind and Beyond the Brain", a Forum that gathers well renowned neurosciences speakers and the BIAL Foundation Fellows which are spread around the world.
Classified as an institution of public utility, the BIAL Foundation includes among its patrons the Portuguese President, the Portuguese Universities Rectors' Council and the Portuguese Medical Association.
URL: http://www.bial.com/pt/
Accessibility: By permission

Reference code: PT/FB/BL
Entity holding: BIAL Foundation
Title: BIAL Grants
Start date: 1994
History:
In 1994 the BIAL Foundation launched a programme of science research grants with the aim of encouraging the research into Man’s physical and mental processes, namely in fields still largely unexplored but which warrant further scientific analysis, as Psychophysiology and Parapsychology.
Since its launch, applications to the BIAL grants have been increasing. Up to now 461 projects have been supported, involving more than 1000 researchers from 27 countries.
The approved applications have benefited from grants in amounts comprised between €5,000 and €50, 000. The amount to be granted is fixed by the Scientific board according to the needs of each project.
The supported projects have originated, until April 2013, in about 600 full papers, 172 out of which were published in indexed international journals with an average impact factor of 3.6 and a substantial number of citations (1665).
Among the BIAL Foundation fellows is worth highlighting the presence of scientists from prestigious universities from the United States, United Kingdom, Australia, Russia, Germany, Japan, France, Canada, and many others.
The BIAL grants are promoted biannually.

Reference code: PT/FB/BL-2018
Location: BF-GMS
Title:
2018 Grants
Start date: 2019-01

Reference code: PT/FB/BL-2018-150
Location: BF-GMS
Title:
150 - A neuroscience approach to investigating how hierarchy influences moral behaviour
Duration: 2019-10 - 2025-03
Researcher(s):
Axel Cleeremans, Emilie Caspar
Institution(s): Center for Research in Cognition and Neuroscience, Université libre de Bruxelles (Belgium); Department of behavioural sciences, Royal Military Academy, Brussels (Belgium)
Contents: Contents:
Application form
Correspondence
Research Funding Agreement
Progress Report
Final Report
Articles
Language: eng
Author:
Cleeremans, A.
Secondary author(s):
Caspar, E. A.
Number of reproductions:
1
Keywords:
Sense of agency / Empathy / Coercion / Military / Psychophysiology

Reference code: PT/FB/BL-2018-150.01
Location: BF-GMS
Title:
Final report - A neuroscience approach to investigating how hierarchy influences moral behaviour
Publication year: 2024
Abstract/Results:
ABSTRACT:
Background
The sense of agency (SoA), the feeling of being the author of one’s actions and outcomes, plays a critical role in decision-making. While prior research has explored its neural correlates, most studies have focused on neutral tasks, neglecting moral decision-making. Additionally, most studies used convenience samples, overlooking the potential influence of environments like the military on SoA processing.
Aims
This project aimed to investigate the neural basis of SoA in military and civilian participants using fMRI, examining their decisions to freely act, follow, or resist orders to harm another person.
Method
In Study 1, participants either chose freely or followed orders to inflict a mild shock on a victim. SoA was assessed through temporal binding (TB)—the perceived temporal distortion between voluntary and less voluntary decisions. In Study 2, participants received orders to inflict a mild shock and had to choose whether to obey or disobey.
Results
Study 1 revealed reduced SoA when following orders compared to acting freely. Key brain regions associated with TB included the occipital lobe, frontal gyri, precuneus, and lateral occipital cortex. Importantly, no differences between military and civilians emerged at corrected thresholds, suggesting that daily environments minimally influence the neural basis of moral decision-making. Study 2 showed that military participants experienced reduced SoA when disobeying orders. Both military and civilian participants relied on similar neuro-cognitive processes when disobeying, but the relationship between prosocial disobedience and activity in the right TPJ, Prec/PCC, and bilateral AI was stronger in military participants.
Conclusions
These studies indicate that while both populations rely on similar brain regions for SoA in moral decisions, specific differences emerge when resisting orders.
Accessibility: Document exists in file
Language:
eng
Author:
Cleeremans, A.
Secondary author(s):
Caspar, E. A.
Document type:
Final report
Number of reproductions:
1
Reference:
Cleeremans, A. , & Caspar, E. A. (2024). Final report - A neuroscience approach to investigating how hierarchy influences moral behaviour.
Indexed document: No
Keywords: Sense of agency / Temporal binding / Military / fMRI / Decision-making / Moral behaviors

Final report - A neuroscience approach to investigating how hierarchy influences moral behaviour

Final report - A neuroscience approach to investigating how hierarchy influences moral behaviour