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File129 - Investigating the role of expertise in the predictive coding framework combining time resolved neural and behavioural evidence2021-082024-07

Reference code: PT/FB
Entity holding: BIAL Foundation
Location: S. Mamede do Coronado
Title:
BIAL Foundation Archive
Start date: 1994
History:
The BIAL Foundation was created in 1994 by Laboratórios BIAL in conjunction with the Council of Rectors of Portuguese Universities. BIAL’s Foundation mission is to foster the scientific study of Man from both the physical and spiritual perspectives.
Along the years the BIAL Foundation has developed an important relationship with the scientific community, first in Portugal and after worldwide. Today it is an institution of reference which aims to stimulate new researches that may help people, promote more health and contribute to new milestones to gain access to knowledge.
Among its activities the BIAL Foundation manages the BIAL Award, created in 1984, one of the most important awards in the Health field in Europe. The BIAL Award rewards both the basic and the clinical research distinguishing works of major impact in medical research.
The BIAL Foundation also assigns Scientific Research Scholarships for the study of neurophysiological and mental health in people, arousing the interest of researchers in the areas of Psychophysiology and Parapsychology.
To date the BIAL Foundation has supported 461 projects, more than 1000 researchers, with research groups in twenty-seven countries, resulting, until April 2013, in about 600 full papers, out of which 172 published in indexed international journals with an average impact factor of 3.6 and a substantial number of citations (1665).
Since 1996 the BIAL Foundation organizes the Symposia entitled "Behind and Beyond the Brain", a Forum that gathers well renowned neurosciences speakers and the BIAL Foundation Fellows which are spread around the world.
Classified as an institution of public utility, the BIAL Foundation includes among its patrons the Portuguese President, the Portuguese Universities Rectors' Council and the Portuguese Medical Association.
URL: http://www.bial.com/pt/
Accessibility: By permission

Reference code: PT/FB/BL
Entity holding: BIAL Foundation
Title: BIAL Grants
Start date: 1994
History:
In 1994 the BIAL Foundation launched a programme of science research grants with the aim of encouraging the research into Man’s physical and mental processes, namely in fields still largely unexplored but which warrant further scientific analysis, as Psychophysiology and Parapsychology.
Since its launch, applications to the BIAL grants have been increasing. Up to now 461 projects have been supported, involving more than 1000 researchers from 27 countries.
The approved applications have benefited from grants in amounts comprised between €5,000 and €50, 000. The amount to be granted is fixed by the Scientific board according to the needs of each project.
The supported projects have originated, until April 2013, in about 600 full papers, 172 out of which were published in indexed international journals with an average impact factor of 3.6 and a substantial number of citations (1665).
Among the BIAL Foundation fellows is worth highlighting the presence of scientists from prestigious universities from the United States, United Kingdom, Australia, Russia, Germany, Japan, France, Canada, and many others.
The BIAL grants are promoted biannually.

Reference code: PT/FB/BL-2020
Location: BF-GMS
Title:
2020 Grants
Start date: 2021-01

Reference code: PT/FB/BL-2020-129
Location: BF-GMS
Title:
129 - Investigating the role of expertise in the predictive coding framework combining time resolved neural and behavioural evidence
Duration: 2021-08 - 2024-07
Researcher(s):
Marie Smith, Ines Mares, Louise Ewing, Fraser Smith
Institution(s): Department of Psychological Sciences, Birkbeck, University of London (UK)
Contents: Contents:
Application form
Correspondence
Research Funding Agreement
Progress report
Final report
Articles
Language: eng
Author:
Smith, M.
Secondary author(s):
Mares, I., Ewing, L., Smith, F.
Number of reproductions:
1
Keywords:
Predictive coding / Expertise / Electroencephalogram (EEG) / Multivariate pattern analysis / Psychophysiology
DocumentEfects of expectation on face perception and its association with expertise2024

Reference code: PT/FB
Entity holding: BIAL Foundation
Location: S. Mamede do Coronado
Title:
BIAL Foundation Archive
Start date: 1994
History:
The BIAL Foundation was created in 1994 by Laboratórios BIAL in conjunction with the Council of Rectors of Portuguese Universities. BIAL’s Foundation mission is to foster the scientific study of Man from both the physical and spiritual perspectives.
Along the years the BIAL Foundation has developed an important relationship with the scientific community, first in Portugal and after worldwide. Today it is an institution of reference which aims to stimulate new researches that may help people, promote more health and contribute to new milestones to gain access to knowledge.
Among its activities the BIAL Foundation manages the BIAL Award, created in 1984, one of the most important awards in the Health field in Europe. The BIAL Award rewards both the basic and the clinical research distinguishing works of major impact in medical research.
The BIAL Foundation also assigns Scientific Research Scholarships for the study of neurophysiological and mental health in people, arousing the interest of researchers in the areas of Psychophysiology and Parapsychology.
To date the BIAL Foundation has supported 461 projects, more than 1000 researchers, with research groups in twenty-seven countries, resulting, until April 2013, in about 600 full papers, out of which 172 published in indexed international journals with an average impact factor of 3.6 and a substantial number of citations (1665).
Since 1996 the BIAL Foundation organizes the Symposia entitled "Behind and Beyond the Brain", a Forum that gathers well renowned neurosciences speakers and the BIAL Foundation Fellows which are spread around the world.
Classified as an institution of public utility, the BIAL Foundation includes among its patrons the Portuguese President, the Portuguese Universities Rectors' Council and the Portuguese Medical Association.
URL: http://www.bial.com/pt/
Accessibility: By permission

Reference code: PT/FB/BL
Entity holding: BIAL Foundation
Title: BIAL Grants
Start date: 1994
History:
In 1994 the BIAL Foundation launched a programme of science research grants with the aim of encouraging the research into Man’s physical and mental processes, namely in fields still largely unexplored but which warrant further scientific analysis, as Psychophysiology and Parapsychology.
Since its launch, applications to the BIAL grants have been increasing. Up to now 461 projects have been supported, involving more than 1000 researchers from 27 countries.
The approved applications have benefited from grants in amounts comprised between €5,000 and €50, 000. The amount to be granted is fixed by the Scientific board according to the needs of each project.
The supported projects have originated, until April 2013, in about 600 full papers, 172 out of which were published in indexed international journals with an average impact factor of 3.6 and a substantial number of citations (1665).
Among the BIAL Foundation fellows is worth highlighting the presence of scientists from prestigious universities from the United States, United Kingdom, Australia, Russia, Germany, Japan, France, Canada, and many others.
The BIAL grants are promoted biannually.

Reference code: PT/FB/BL-2020
Location: BF-GMS
Title:
2020 Grants
Start date: 2021-01

Reference code: PT/FB/BL-2020-129
Location: BF-GMS
Title:
129 - Investigating the role of expertise in the predictive coding framework combining time resolved neural and behavioural evidence
Duration: 2021-08 - 2024-07
Researcher(s):
Marie Smith, Ines Mares, Louise Ewing, Fraser Smith
Institution(s): Department of Psychological Sciences, Birkbeck, University of London (UK)
Contents: Contents:
Application form
Correspondence
Research Funding Agreement
Progress report
Final report
Articles
Language: eng
Author:
Smith, M.
Secondary author(s):
Mares, I., Ewing, L., Smith, F.
Number of reproductions:
1
Keywords:
Predictive coding / Expertise / Electroencephalogram (EEG) / Multivariate pattern analysis / Psychophysiology

Reference code: PT/FB/BL-2020-129.02
Location: BF-GMS
Title:
Efects of expectation on face perception and its association with expertise
Publication year: 2024
URL:
https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-024-59284-0
Abstract/Results: ABSTRACT:
Perceptual decisions are derived from the combination of priors and sensorial input. While priors are broadly understood to refect experience/expertise developed over one’s lifetime, the role of perceptual expertise at the individual level has seldom been directly explored. Here, we manipulate probabilistic information associated with a high and low expertise category (faces and cars
respectively), while assessing individual level of expertise with each category. 67 participants learned the probabilistic association between a color cue and each target category (face/car) in a behavioural categorization task. Neural activity (EEG) was then recorded in a similar paradigm in the same participants featuring the previously learned contingencies without the explicit task. Behaviourally, perception of the higher expertise category (faces) was modulated by expectation. Specifcally, we observed facilitatory and interference efects when targets were correctly or incorrectly expected, which were also associated with independently measured individual levels of face expertise. Multivariate pattern analysis of the EEG signal revealed clear efects of expectation from 100 ms post stimulus, with signifcant decoding of the neural response to expected vs. not stimuli, when viewing identical images. Latency of peak decoding when participants saw faces was directly associated with individual level facilitation efects in the behavioural task. The current results not only provide time sensitive evidence of expectation efects on early perception but highlight the role of higher-level expertise on forming priors.
Accessibility: Document exists in file
Language:
eng
Author:
Mares, I.
Secondary author(s):
Smith, F. W, Goddard, E. J., Keighery, L., Pappasava, M., Ewing, L., Smith, M. L.
Document type:
Article
Number of reproductions:
1
Percentiles:
64.42|1.00
Reference:
Mares, I., Smith, F. W., Goddard, E. J., Keighery, L., Pappasava, M., Ewing, L., & Smith, M. L. (2024). Effects of expectation on face perception and its association with expertise. Scientific Reports, 14(1), 9402. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-024-59284-0
2-year Impact Factor: 3.9|2024
Times cited: 4|2026-02-16
Indexed document: Yes
Quartile: Q1
Keywords: Expectation / Prediction / Expertise / Face processing / EEG / MVPA

Efects of expectation on face perception and its association with expertise

Efects of expectation on face perception and its association with expertise
DocumentFinal report - Investigating the role of expertise in the predictive coding framework combining time resolved neural and
behavioural evidence		2024

Reference code: PT/FB
Entity holding: BIAL Foundation
Location: S. Mamede do Coronado
Title:
BIAL Foundation Archive
Start date: 1994
History:
The BIAL Foundation was created in 1994 by Laboratórios BIAL in conjunction with the Council of Rectors of Portuguese Universities. BIAL’s Foundation mission is to foster the scientific study of Man from both the physical and spiritual perspectives.
Along the years the BIAL Foundation has developed an important relationship with the scientific community, first in Portugal and after worldwide. Today it is an institution of reference which aims to stimulate new researches that may help people, promote more health and contribute to new milestones to gain access to knowledge.
Among its activities the BIAL Foundation manages the BIAL Award, created in 1984, one of the most important awards in the Health field in Europe. The BIAL Award rewards both the basic and the clinical research distinguishing works of major impact in medical research.
The BIAL Foundation also assigns Scientific Research Scholarships for the study of neurophysiological and mental health in people, arousing the interest of researchers in the areas of Psychophysiology and Parapsychology.
To date the BIAL Foundation has supported 461 projects, more than 1000 researchers, with research groups in twenty-seven countries, resulting, until April 2013, in about 600 full papers, out of which 172 published in indexed international journals with an average impact factor of 3.6 and a substantial number of citations (1665).
Since 1996 the BIAL Foundation organizes the Symposia entitled "Behind and Beyond the Brain", a Forum that gathers well renowned neurosciences speakers and the BIAL Foundation Fellows which are spread around the world.
Classified as an institution of public utility, the BIAL Foundation includes among its patrons the Portuguese President, the Portuguese Universities Rectors' Council and the Portuguese Medical Association.
URL: http://www.bial.com/pt/
Accessibility: By permission

Reference code: PT/FB/BL
Entity holding: BIAL Foundation
Title: BIAL Grants
Start date: 1994
History:
In 1994 the BIAL Foundation launched a programme of science research grants with the aim of encouraging the research into Man’s physical and mental processes, namely in fields still largely unexplored but which warrant further scientific analysis, as Psychophysiology and Parapsychology.
Since its launch, applications to the BIAL grants have been increasing. Up to now 461 projects have been supported, involving more than 1000 researchers from 27 countries.
The approved applications have benefited from grants in amounts comprised between €5,000 and €50, 000. The amount to be granted is fixed by the Scientific board according to the needs of each project.
The supported projects have originated, until April 2013, in about 600 full papers, 172 out of which were published in indexed international journals with an average impact factor of 3.6 and a substantial number of citations (1665).
Among the BIAL Foundation fellows is worth highlighting the presence of scientists from prestigious universities from the United States, United Kingdom, Australia, Russia, Germany, Japan, France, Canada, and many others.
The BIAL grants are promoted biannually.

Reference code: PT/FB/BL-2020
Location: BF-GMS
Title:
2020 Grants
Start date: 2021-01

Reference code: PT/FB/BL-2020-129
Location: BF-GMS
Title:
129 - Investigating the role of expertise in the predictive coding framework combining time resolved neural and behavioural evidence
Duration: 2021-08 - 2024-07
Researcher(s):
Marie Smith, Ines Mares, Louise Ewing, Fraser Smith
Institution(s): Department of Psychological Sciences, Birkbeck, University of London (UK)
Contents: Contents:
Application form
Correspondence
Research Funding Agreement
Progress report
Final report
Articles
Language: eng
Author:
Smith, M.
Secondary author(s):
Mares, I., Ewing, L., Smith, F.
Number of reproductions:
1
Keywords:
Predictive coding / Expertise / Electroencephalogram (EEG) / Multivariate pattern analysis / Psychophysiology

Reference code: PT/FB/BL-2020-129.01
Location: BF-GMS
Title:
Final report - Investigating the role of expertise in the predictive coding framework combining time resolved neural and behavioural evidence
Publication year: 2024
Abstract/Results:
ABSTRACT:
Background
Perception is derived from the combination of priors and sensorial input. While priors are broadly understood to reflect experience developed over one’s lifetime, the role of perceptual expertise at the individual level has seldom been directly tested.
Aims
We explored the extent to which predictive processing differs as a function of expertise across different domains, namely categorization, individuation (i.e. identity processing), and low-level processing (perceiving a face across different viewpoints). This was done at the individual level by taking advantage of varying individual expertise with faces.
Method
Metrics associated with Expectations were analysed in reaction time data (behavioural tasks) and EEG recordings (neural tasks). Participants also completed independent measures of face and object expertise (CFMT+, CCMT).
Results
Work package 1 reveals that early perception is shaped by face expectation, with decoding of expectation over posterior areas, occurring from 100ms. This decoding of objects of expertise (faces) had a direct link with behavioral facilitation effects of face expectation associated with face expertise. In work package 2, we show that effects of expectation go beyond simple categorization, into higher level processing, namely, identity processing, finding a significant relationship between face identity expectation and individual face expertise.
Conclusions
We highlight the role of expertise on forming priors, providing support for the often-disregarded contribution of individual level variability. Future work will build on these findings to probe the role of expertise within the predictive coding framework in individuals displaying typical and atypical use of predictive cues.
Accessibility: Document exists in file
Language:
eng
Author:
Smith, M.
Secondary author(s):
Mares, I., Ewing, L., Smith, F.
Document type:
Final report
Number of reproductions:
1
Reference:
Smith, M., Mares, I., Ewing, L., & Smith, F. (2024). Final report - Investigating the role of expertise in the predictive coding framework combining time resolved neural and behavioural evidence.
Indexed document: No
Keywords: Predictive coding / Expectation / Face processing / EEG / Decoding

Final report - Investigating the role of expertise in the predictive coding framework combining time resolved neural and behavioural evidence

Final report - Investigating the role of expertise in the predictive coding framework combining time resolved neural and behavioural evidence
DocumentExploring the development of face recognition across childhood via logistic mixed-effects modelling of the standardized Cambridge Face Memory Test2025

Reference code: PT/FB
Entity holding: BIAL Foundation
Location: S. Mamede do Coronado
Title:
BIAL Foundation Archive
Start date: 1994
History:
The BIAL Foundation was created in 1994 by Laboratórios BIAL in conjunction with the Council of Rectors of Portuguese Universities. BIAL’s Foundation mission is to foster the scientific study of Man from both the physical and spiritual perspectives.
Along the years the BIAL Foundation has developed an important relationship with the scientific community, first in Portugal and after worldwide. Today it is an institution of reference which aims to stimulate new researches that may help people, promote more health and contribute to new milestones to gain access to knowledge.
Among its activities the BIAL Foundation manages the BIAL Award, created in 1984, one of the most important awards in the Health field in Europe. The BIAL Award rewards both the basic and the clinical research distinguishing works of major impact in medical research.
The BIAL Foundation also assigns Scientific Research Scholarships for the study of neurophysiological and mental health in people, arousing the interest of researchers in the areas of Psychophysiology and Parapsychology.
To date the BIAL Foundation has supported 461 projects, more than 1000 researchers, with research groups in twenty-seven countries, resulting, until April 2013, in about 600 full papers, out of which 172 published in indexed international journals with an average impact factor of 3.6 and a substantial number of citations (1665).
Since 1996 the BIAL Foundation organizes the Symposia entitled "Behind and Beyond the Brain", a Forum that gathers well renowned neurosciences speakers and the BIAL Foundation Fellows which are spread around the world.
Classified as an institution of public utility, the BIAL Foundation includes among its patrons the Portuguese President, the Portuguese Universities Rectors' Council and the Portuguese Medical Association.
URL: http://www.bial.com/pt/
Accessibility: By permission

Reference code: PT/FB/BL
Entity holding: BIAL Foundation
Title: BIAL Grants
Start date: 1994
History:
In 1994 the BIAL Foundation launched a programme of science research grants with the aim of encouraging the research into Man’s physical and mental processes, namely in fields still largely unexplored but which warrant further scientific analysis, as Psychophysiology and Parapsychology.
Since its launch, applications to the BIAL grants have been increasing. Up to now 461 projects have been supported, involving more than 1000 researchers from 27 countries.
The approved applications have benefited from grants in amounts comprised between €5,000 and €50, 000. The amount to be granted is fixed by the Scientific board according to the needs of each project.
The supported projects have originated, until April 2013, in about 600 full papers, 172 out of which were published in indexed international journals with an average impact factor of 3.6 and a substantial number of citations (1665).
Among the BIAL Foundation fellows is worth highlighting the presence of scientists from prestigious universities from the United States, United Kingdom, Australia, Russia, Germany, Japan, France, Canada, and many others.
The BIAL grants are promoted biannually.

Reference code: PT/FB/BL-2020
Location: BF-GMS
Title:
2020 Grants
Start date: 2021-01

Reference code: PT/FB/BL-2020-129
Location: BF-GMS
Title:
129 - Investigating the role of expertise in the predictive coding framework combining time resolved neural and behavioural evidence
Duration: 2021-08 - 2024-07
Researcher(s):
Marie Smith, Ines Mares, Louise Ewing, Fraser Smith
Institution(s): Department of Psychological Sciences, Birkbeck, University of London (UK)
Contents: Contents:
Application form
Correspondence
Research Funding Agreement
Progress report
Final report
Articles
Language: eng
Author:
Smith, M.
Secondary author(s):
Mares, I., Ewing, L., Smith, F.
Number of reproductions:
1
Keywords:
Predictive coding / Expertise / Electroencephalogram (EEG) / Multivariate pattern analysis / Psychophysiology

Reference code: PT/FB/BL-2020-129.03
Location: BF-GMS
Title:
Exploring the development of face recognition across childhood via logistic mixed-effects modelling of the standardized Cambridge Face Memory Test
Publication year: 2025
URL:
https://ueaeprints.uea.ac.uk/id/eprint/98546
Abstract/Results: ABSTRACT:
Individual differences in face identity recognition abilities are present across the lifespan, but require developmentally differentiated methods of assessment. Here, we examine the empirical validity of a widely-used face identity recognition measure, the Cambridge Face Memory Test for Children (CFMT-C). Logistic mixed-effects modelling of a large data set (607 children, 5 – 12 years) replicates and extends the findings of the only previous normative study of the CFMT-C (Croydon et al., 2014). This novel analytical approach enables us to take into account sources of variability typically overlooked in a classical analysis. We consider variability introduced by the task, alongside variability across children, to provide the first comprehensive characterisation of the interactive effects of factors inherent to participants (e.g., age, gender, ethnicity), and the test (stage: face learning, simple recognition, harder recognition) on face memory performance. In line with past findings we clearly observed age-related improvement in the task. Additionally, for the first time we report that this developmental effect is significantly more pronounced in the later, harder stages of the task; that there is an effect of gender, with females having better performance; and that consideration of participant ethnicity or testing context did not alter the best fitting model of these data. These results highlight the value of applying multi-level statistical models to characterise the factors driving performance variability, providing evidence of the divergence in recognition abilities across genders, and confirming the stability of the CFMT-C in assessing face recognition abilities across variable experimental contexts and with diverse participant groups.
Accessibility: Document exist in file
Language:
eng
Author:
Ewing, L.
Secondary author(s):
Althaus, N., Farran, E. K., Papasavva, M., Mares, I., Smith, M. L.
Document type:
Article
Number of reproductions:
1
Percentiles:
71.34|1.87
Reference:
Ewing, L., Althaus, N., Farran, E. K., Papasavva, M., Mares, I., & Smith, M. L. (2025). Exploring the development of face recognition across childhood via logistic mixed-effects modelling of the standardised Cambridge Face Memory Test. Behavior Research Methods, 57(4), 113. https://doi.org/10.3758/s13428-025-02629-y
2-year Impact Factor: 3.9|2024
Impact factor notes: Impact factor not available yet for 2025
Times cited: 1|2026-02-16
Indexed document: Yes
Quartile: Q1
Keywords: Face recognition / Cambridge Face Memory Test / Logistic mixed-effects modelling / Childhood

Exploring the development of face recognition across childhood via logistic mixed-effects modelling of the standardized Cambridge Face Memory Test

Exploring the development of face recognition across childhood via logistic mixed-effects modelling of the standardized Cambridge Face Memory Test