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BIAL Foundation
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File148 - Multifunctional mediums? An exploration of the contemporary social psychological function of mediums and mediumship in the UK2021-062026-06

Reference code: PT/FB
Entity holding: BIAL Foundation
Location: S. Mamede do Coronado
Title:
BIAL Foundation Archive
Start date: 1994
History:
The BIAL Foundation was created in 1994 by Laboratórios BIAL in conjunction with the Council of Rectors of Portuguese Universities. BIAL’s Foundation mission is to foster the scientific study of Man from both the physical and spiritual perspectives.
Along the years the BIAL Foundation has developed an important relationship with the scientific community, first in Portugal and after worldwide. Today it is an institution of reference which aims to stimulate new researches that may help people, promote more health and contribute to new milestones to gain access to knowledge.
Among its activities the BIAL Foundation manages the BIAL Award, created in 1984, one of the most important awards in the Health field in Europe. The BIAL Award rewards both the basic and the clinical research distinguishing works of major impact in medical research.
The BIAL Foundation also assigns Scientific Research Scholarships for the study of neurophysiological and mental health in people, arousing the interest of researchers in the areas of Psychophysiology and Parapsychology.
To date the BIAL Foundation has supported 461 projects, more than 1000 researchers, with research groups in twenty-seven countries, resulting, until April 2013, in about 600 full papers, out of which 172 published in indexed international journals with an average impact factor of 3.6 and a substantial number of citations (1665).
Since 1996 the BIAL Foundation organizes the Symposia entitled "Behind and Beyond the Brain", a Forum that gathers well renowned neurosciences speakers and the BIAL Foundation Fellows which are spread around the world.
Classified as an institution of public utility, the BIAL Foundation includes among its patrons the Portuguese President, the Portuguese Universities Rectors' Council and the Portuguese Medical Association.
URL: http://www.bial.com/pt/
Accessibility: By permission

Reference code: PT/FB/BL
Entity holding: BIAL Foundation
Title: BIAL Grants
Start date: 1994
History:
In 1994 the BIAL Foundation launched a programme of science research grants with the aim of encouraging the research into Man’s physical and mental processes, namely in fields still largely unexplored but which warrant further scientific analysis, as Psychophysiology and Parapsychology.
Since its launch, applications to the BIAL grants have been increasing. Up to now 461 projects have been supported, involving more than 1000 researchers from 27 countries.
The approved applications have benefited from grants in amounts comprised between €5,000 and €50, 000. The amount to be granted is fixed by the Scientific board according to the needs of each project.
The supported projects have originated, until April 2013, in about 600 full papers, 172 out of which were published in indexed international journals with an average impact factor of 3.6 and a substantial number of citations (1665).
Among the BIAL Foundation fellows is worth highlighting the presence of scientists from prestigious universities from the United States, United Kingdom, Australia, Russia, Germany, Japan, France, Canada, and many others.
The BIAL grants are promoted biannually.

Reference code: PT/FB/BL-2020
Location: BF-GMS
Title:
2020 Grants
Start date: 2021-01

Reference code: PT/FB/BL-2020-148
Location: BF-GMS
Title:
148 - Multifunctional mediums? An exploration of the contemporary social psychological function of mediums and mediumship in the UK
Duration: 2021-06 - 2026-06
Researcher(s):
Deborah Earnshaw, James Thompson
Institution(s): School of Social Sciences, Birmingham City University (UK)
Contents: Contents:
Application form
Correspondence
Research Funding Agreement
Progress report
Final report
Article
Language: eng
Author:
Earnshaw, D.
Secondary author(s):
Thompson, J.
Number of reproductions:
2
Keywords:
Mediumship / Qualitative / Psychology / Meaning-making / Parapsychology

DocumentFinal report - Multifunctional mediums? An exploration of the contemporary social psychological function of mediums and mediumship in the UK2023

Reference code: PT/FB
Entity holding: BIAL Foundation
Location: S. Mamede do Coronado
Title:
BIAL Foundation Archive
Start date: 1994
History:
The BIAL Foundation was created in 1994 by Laboratórios BIAL in conjunction with the Council of Rectors of Portuguese Universities. BIAL’s Foundation mission is to foster the scientific study of Man from both the physical and spiritual perspectives.
Along the years the BIAL Foundation has developed an important relationship with the scientific community, first in Portugal and after worldwide. Today it is an institution of reference which aims to stimulate new researches that may help people, promote more health and contribute to new milestones to gain access to knowledge.
Among its activities the BIAL Foundation manages the BIAL Award, created in 1984, one of the most important awards in the Health field in Europe. The BIAL Award rewards both the basic and the clinical research distinguishing works of major impact in medical research.
The BIAL Foundation also assigns Scientific Research Scholarships for the study of neurophysiological and mental health in people, arousing the interest of researchers in the areas of Psychophysiology and Parapsychology.
To date the BIAL Foundation has supported 461 projects, more than 1000 researchers, with research groups in twenty-seven countries, resulting, until April 2013, in about 600 full papers, out of which 172 published in indexed international journals with an average impact factor of 3.6 and a substantial number of citations (1665).
Since 1996 the BIAL Foundation organizes the Symposia entitled "Behind and Beyond the Brain", a Forum that gathers well renowned neurosciences speakers and the BIAL Foundation Fellows which are spread around the world.
Classified as an institution of public utility, the BIAL Foundation includes among its patrons the Portuguese President, the Portuguese Universities Rectors' Council and the Portuguese Medical Association.
URL: http://www.bial.com/pt/
Accessibility: By permission

Reference code: PT/FB/BL
Entity holding: BIAL Foundation
Title: BIAL Grants
Start date: 1994
History:
In 1994 the BIAL Foundation launched a programme of science research grants with the aim of encouraging the research into Man’s physical and mental processes, namely in fields still largely unexplored but which warrant further scientific analysis, as Psychophysiology and Parapsychology.
Since its launch, applications to the BIAL grants have been increasing. Up to now 461 projects have been supported, involving more than 1000 researchers from 27 countries.
The approved applications have benefited from grants in amounts comprised between €5,000 and €50, 000. The amount to be granted is fixed by the Scientific board according to the needs of each project.
The supported projects have originated, until April 2013, in about 600 full papers, 172 out of which were published in indexed international journals with an average impact factor of 3.6 and a substantial number of citations (1665).
Among the BIAL Foundation fellows is worth highlighting the presence of scientists from prestigious universities from the United States, United Kingdom, Australia, Russia, Germany, Japan, France, Canada, and many others.
The BIAL grants are promoted biannually.

Reference code: PT/FB/BL-2020
Location: BF-GMS
Title:
2020 Grants
Start date: 2021-01

Reference code: PT/FB/BL-2020-148
Location: BF-GMS
Title:
148 - Multifunctional mediums? An exploration of the contemporary social psychological function of mediums and mediumship in the UK
Duration: 2021-06 - 2026-06
Researcher(s):
Deborah Earnshaw, James Thompson
Institution(s): School of Social Sciences, Birmingham City University (UK)
Contents: Contents:
Application form
Correspondence
Research Funding Agreement
Progress report
Final report
Article
Language: eng
Author:
Earnshaw, D.
Secondary author(s):
Thompson, J.
Number of reproductions:
2
Keywords:
Mediumship / Qualitative / Psychology / Meaning-making / Parapsychology

Reference code: PT/FB/BL-2020-148.01
Location: BF-GMS
Title:
Final report - Multifunctional mediums? An exploration of the contemporary social psychological function of mediums and mediumship in the UK
Publication year: 2023
Abstract/Results:
ABSTRACT:
Background
Belief in and engagement with mediumship persists in the UK despite a broadly secular cultural landscape and ongoing public scepticism. Mediumship practices have also shifted significantly in recent years, with digital platforms, online spiritual communities, and livestreamed readings reshaping how individuals access and experience mediumistic communication. Yet little is known about the sociocultural and psychological factors that influence these beliefs and practices, or how mediumship functions within contemporary experiences of bereavement.
Aims
• To explore the sociocultural and psychological factors that shape belief in and engagement with mediumship in the UK.
• To examine how individuals navigate stigma, disclosure, and identity in relation to mediumistic experiences.
Methods
An online qualitative survey was fully answered by 40 UK-based believers on the Qualtrics platform. Inductive Thematic Analysis was performed, and two main themes were identified: (i) Negotiation to accuracy and scepticism and (ii) Navigation of legitimate versus illegitimate mediumship.
Results
Participants described mediumship as a meaningful and identity affirming practice shaped by personal experiences, cultural narratives, and digital environments. Many reported navigating stigma through selective disclosure and by seeking supportive communities, particularly online. Digital platforms were seen as expanding access to mediumship, enabling new forms of connection, visibility, and practice. Mediumship also played a significant role in bereavement, offering reassurance, continued bonds, and emotional support. Across accounts, participants emphasised the tension between private belief and public scepticism within a secular UK context.
Conclusions
The findings highlight the complex interplay of sociocultural, psychological, and digital factors that shape contemporary engagement with mediumship. Digital spaces seem to be amending how mediumship is practised and experienced, while secularism and stigma continue to influence how individuals negotiate belief and disclosure. Mediumship appears to serve important functions in bereavement, identity, and meaning making, outlining the need for further research into its role within modern spiritual and emotional life.
Accessibility: Document exists in file
Language:
eng
Author:
Earnshaw, D.
Document type:
Final report
Number of reproductions:
2
Reference:
Earnshaw, D. (2023). Final report - Multifunctional mediums? An exploration of the contemporary social psychological function of mediums and mediumship in the UK.
Indexed document: No
Keywords: Mediumship / United Kingdom / Qualitative / Covid-19 / Paranormal experiences / Afterlife

Final report - Multifunctional mediums? An exploration of the contemporary social psychological function of mediums and mediumship in the UK

Final report - Multifunctional mediums? An exploration of the contemporary social psychological function of mediums and mediumship in the UK

DocumentNavigating belief and scepticism: A qualitative exploration of mediumship engagement in the UK2026

Reference code: PT/FB
Entity holding: BIAL Foundation
Location: S. Mamede do Coronado
Title:
BIAL Foundation Archive
Start date: 1994
History:
The BIAL Foundation was created in 1994 by Laboratórios BIAL in conjunction with the Council of Rectors of Portuguese Universities. BIAL’s Foundation mission is to foster the scientific study of Man from both the physical and spiritual perspectives.
Along the years the BIAL Foundation has developed an important relationship with the scientific community, first in Portugal and after worldwide. Today it is an institution of reference which aims to stimulate new researches that may help people, promote more health and contribute to new milestones to gain access to knowledge.
Among its activities the BIAL Foundation manages the BIAL Award, created in 1984, one of the most important awards in the Health field in Europe. The BIAL Award rewards both the basic and the clinical research distinguishing works of major impact in medical research.
The BIAL Foundation also assigns Scientific Research Scholarships for the study of neurophysiological and mental health in people, arousing the interest of researchers in the areas of Psychophysiology and Parapsychology.
To date the BIAL Foundation has supported 461 projects, more than 1000 researchers, with research groups in twenty-seven countries, resulting, until April 2013, in about 600 full papers, out of which 172 published in indexed international journals with an average impact factor of 3.6 and a substantial number of citations (1665).
Since 1996 the BIAL Foundation organizes the Symposia entitled "Behind and Beyond the Brain", a Forum that gathers well renowned neurosciences speakers and the BIAL Foundation Fellows which are spread around the world.
Classified as an institution of public utility, the BIAL Foundation includes among its patrons the Portuguese President, the Portuguese Universities Rectors' Council and the Portuguese Medical Association.
URL: http://www.bial.com/pt/
Accessibility: By permission

Reference code: PT/FB/BL
Entity holding: BIAL Foundation
Title: BIAL Grants
Start date: 1994
History:
In 1994 the BIAL Foundation launched a programme of science research grants with the aim of encouraging the research into Man’s physical and mental processes, namely in fields still largely unexplored but which warrant further scientific analysis, as Psychophysiology and Parapsychology.
Since its launch, applications to the BIAL grants have been increasing. Up to now 461 projects have been supported, involving more than 1000 researchers from 27 countries.
The approved applications have benefited from grants in amounts comprised between €5,000 and €50, 000. The amount to be granted is fixed by the Scientific board according to the needs of each project.
The supported projects have originated, until April 2013, in about 600 full papers, 172 out of which were published in indexed international journals with an average impact factor of 3.6 and a substantial number of citations (1665).
Among the BIAL Foundation fellows is worth highlighting the presence of scientists from prestigious universities from the United States, United Kingdom, Australia, Russia, Germany, Japan, France, Canada, and many others.
The BIAL grants are promoted biannually.

Reference code: PT/FB/BL-2020
Location: BF-GMS
Title:
2020 Grants
Start date: 2021-01

Reference code: PT/FB/BL-2020-148
Location: BF-GMS
Title:
148 - Multifunctional mediums? An exploration of the contemporary social psychological function of mediums and mediumship in the UK
Duration: 2021-06 - 2026-06
Researcher(s):
Deborah Earnshaw, James Thompson
Institution(s): School of Social Sciences, Birmingham City University (UK)
Contents: Contents:
Application form
Correspondence
Research Funding Agreement
Progress report
Final report
Article
Language: eng
Author:
Earnshaw, D.
Secondary author(s):
Thompson, J.
Number of reproductions:
2
Keywords:
Mediumship / Qualitative / Psychology / Meaning-making / Parapsychology

Reference code: PT/FB/BL-2020-148.02
Location: BF-GMS
Title:
Navigating belief and scepticism: A qualitative exploration of mediumship engagement in the UK
Publication year: 2026
URL:
https://search.informit.org/doi/epdf/10.3316/informit.T2026052100007800447647486
Abstract/Results: ABSTRACT:
This study explored people's understandings and experiences of mediumship and how they navigate this as believers of the paranormal and of mediumship abilities. An online qualitative survey was fully answered by 40 UK-based believers on the Qualtrics platform. Inductive Thematic Analysis was performed, and two main themes were identified: (i) Negotiation to accuracy and scepticism and (ii) Navigation of legitimate versus illegitimate mediumship. The findings suggest that believers understand how their belief in mediumship is viewed by others, primarily sceptics, and that there are difficulties in determining who is a real medium. Understanding these concepts further would be beneficial within both parapsychological and psychological spaces, and suggested avenues for future research will be discussed.
Accessibility: Document exists in file
Copyright/Reproduction:
By permission
Language:
eng
Author:
Earnshaw, D.
Secondary author(s):
Thompson, J.
Document type:
Article
Number of reproductions:
2
Reference:
Earnshaw, D., & Thompson, J. (2026). Navigating belief and scepticism: A qualitative exploration of mediumship engagement in the UK. Australian Journal of Parapsychology, 26(1), 47–63. https://doi.org/10.3316/informit.T2026052100007800447647486
Indexed document: No