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File241 - The premotor roots of musical beat perception and imagery: A neurophysiological investigation2021-092026-02

Reference code: PT/FB
Entity holding: BIAL Foundation
Location: S. Mamede do Coronado
Title:
BIAL Foundation Archive
Start date: 1994
History:
The BIAL Foundation was created in 1994 by Laboratórios BIAL in conjunction with the Council of Rectors of Portuguese Universities. BIAL’s Foundation mission is to foster the scientific study of Man from both the physical and spiritual perspectives.
Along the years the BIAL Foundation has developed an important relationship with the scientific community, first in Portugal and after worldwide. Today it is an institution of reference which aims to stimulate new researches that may help people, promote more health and contribute to new milestones to gain access to knowledge.
Among its activities the BIAL Foundation manages the BIAL Award, created in 1984, one of the most important awards in the Health field in Europe. The BIAL Award rewards both the basic and the clinical research distinguishing works of major impact in medical research.
The BIAL Foundation also assigns Scientific Research Scholarships for the study of neurophysiological and mental health in people, arousing the interest of researchers in the areas of Psychophysiology and Parapsychology.
To date the BIAL Foundation has supported 461 projects, more than 1000 researchers, with research groups in twenty-seven countries, resulting, until April 2013, in about 600 full papers, out of which 172 published in indexed international journals with an average impact factor of 3.6 and a substantial number of citations (1665).
Since 1996 the BIAL Foundation organizes the Symposia entitled "Behind and Beyond the Brain", a Forum that gathers well renowned neurosciences speakers and the BIAL Foundation Fellows which are spread around the world.
Classified as an institution of public utility, the BIAL Foundation includes among its patrons the Portuguese President, the Portuguese Universities Rectors' Council and the Portuguese Medical Association.
URL: http://www.bial.com/pt/
Accessibility: By permission

Reference code: PT/FB/BL
Entity holding: BIAL Foundation
Title: BIAL Grants
Start date: 1994
History:
In 1994 the BIAL Foundation launched a programme of science research grants with the aim of encouraging the research into Man’s physical and mental processes, namely in fields still largely unexplored but which warrant further scientific analysis, as Psychophysiology and Parapsychology.
Since its launch, applications to the BIAL grants have been increasing. Up to now 461 projects have been supported, involving more than 1000 researchers from 27 countries.
The approved applications have benefited from grants in amounts comprised between €5,000 and €50, 000. The amount to be granted is fixed by the Scientific board according to the needs of each project.
The supported projects have originated, until April 2013, in about 600 full papers, 172 out of which were published in indexed international journals with an average impact factor of 3.6 and a substantial number of citations (1665).
Among the BIAL Foundation fellows is worth highlighting the presence of scientists from prestigious universities from the United States, United Kingdom, Australia, Russia, Germany, Japan, France, Canada, and many others.
The BIAL grants are promoted biannually.

Reference code: PT/FB/BL-2020
Location: BF-GMS
Title:
2020 Grants
Start date: 2021-01

Reference code: PT/FB/BL-2020-241
Location: BF-GMS
Title:
241 - The premotor roots of musical beat perception and imagery: A neurophysiological investigation
Duration: 2021-09 - 2026-02
Researcher(s):
Carlotta Lega, Virginia Penhune, Luigi Cattaneo
Institution(s): Department of Psychology, Università degli Studi di Milano-Bicocca (Italy)
Contents: Contents:
Application form
Correspondence
Research Funding Agreement
Progress report
Articles
Language: eng
Author:
Lega, C.
Secondary author(s):
Penhune, V., Cattaneo, L.
Number of reproductions:
1
Keywords:
Premotor cortex / Musical rhythm / Imagery / Perception / Psychophysiology
DocumentEditorial: Rhythm in human cognition and action: Health and pathology2022

Reference code: PT/FB
Entity holding: BIAL Foundation
Location: S. Mamede do Coronado
Title:
BIAL Foundation Archive
Start date: 1994
History:
The BIAL Foundation was created in 1994 by Laboratórios BIAL in conjunction with the Council of Rectors of Portuguese Universities. BIAL’s Foundation mission is to foster the scientific study of Man from both the physical and spiritual perspectives.
Along the years the BIAL Foundation has developed an important relationship with the scientific community, first in Portugal and after worldwide. Today it is an institution of reference which aims to stimulate new researches that may help people, promote more health and contribute to new milestones to gain access to knowledge.
Among its activities the BIAL Foundation manages the BIAL Award, created in 1984, one of the most important awards in the Health field in Europe. The BIAL Award rewards both the basic and the clinical research distinguishing works of major impact in medical research.
The BIAL Foundation also assigns Scientific Research Scholarships for the study of neurophysiological and mental health in people, arousing the interest of researchers in the areas of Psychophysiology and Parapsychology.
To date the BIAL Foundation has supported 461 projects, more than 1000 researchers, with research groups in twenty-seven countries, resulting, until April 2013, in about 600 full papers, out of which 172 published in indexed international journals with an average impact factor of 3.6 and a substantial number of citations (1665).
Since 1996 the BIAL Foundation organizes the Symposia entitled "Behind and Beyond the Brain", a Forum that gathers well renowned neurosciences speakers and the BIAL Foundation Fellows which are spread around the world.
Classified as an institution of public utility, the BIAL Foundation includes among its patrons the Portuguese President, the Portuguese Universities Rectors' Council and the Portuguese Medical Association.
URL: http://www.bial.com/pt/
Accessibility: By permission

Reference code: PT/FB/BL
Entity holding: BIAL Foundation
Title: BIAL Grants
Start date: 1994
History:
In 1994 the BIAL Foundation launched a programme of science research grants with the aim of encouraging the research into Man’s physical and mental processes, namely in fields still largely unexplored but which warrant further scientific analysis, as Psychophysiology and Parapsychology.
Since its launch, applications to the BIAL grants have been increasing. Up to now 461 projects have been supported, involving more than 1000 researchers from 27 countries.
The approved applications have benefited from grants in amounts comprised between €5,000 and €50, 000. The amount to be granted is fixed by the Scientific board according to the needs of each project.
The supported projects have originated, until April 2013, in about 600 full papers, 172 out of which were published in indexed international journals with an average impact factor of 3.6 and a substantial number of citations (1665).
Among the BIAL Foundation fellows is worth highlighting the presence of scientists from prestigious universities from the United States, United Kingdom, Australia, Russia, Germany, Japan, France, Canada, and many others.
The BIAL grants are promoted biannually.

Reference code: PT/FB/BL-2020
Location: BF-GMS
Title:
2020 Grants
Start date: 2021-01

Reference code: PT/FB/BL-2020-241
Location: BF-GMS
Title:
241 - The premotor roots of musical beat perception and imagery: A neurophysiological investigation
Duration: 2021-09 - 2026-02
Researcher(s):
Carlotta Lega, Virginia Penhune, Luigi Cattaneo
Institution(s): Department of Psychology, Università degli Studi di Milano-Bicocca (Italy)
Contents: Contents:
Application form
Correspondence
Research Funding Agreement
Progress report
Articles
Language: eng
Author:
Lega, C.
Secondary author(s):
Penhune, V., Cattaneo, L.
Number of reproductions:
1
Keywords:
Premotor cortex / Musical rhythm / Imagery / Perception / Psychophysiology

Reference code: PT/FB/BL-2020-241.02
Location: BF-GMS
Title:
Editorial: Rhythm in human cognition and action: Health and pathology
Publication year: 2022
URL:
https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fpsyg.2022.1047825/full
Accessibility: Document exists in file
Language:
eng
Author:
Benoit, C. E.
Secondary author(s):
Ferreri, L., Lega, C., van Vugt, F. T.
Document type:
Article
Number of reproductions:
1
Percentiles:
75.63|1.43
Reference:
Benoit, C. E., Ferreri, L., Lega, C., & van Vugt, F. T. (2022). Editorial: Rhythm in human cognition and action: Health and pathology. Frontiers in Psychology, 13, 1047825. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2022.1047825
2-year Impact Factor: 3.800|2022
Times cited: 3|2026-02-15
Indexed document: Yes
Quartile: Q1
Keywords: Rhythm / Music / Cognition / Action / Movement / Cognitive therapy / Social interaction / Synchronization
DocumentSubtle patterns of altered responsiveness to delayed auditory feedback during finger tapping in people who stutter2024

Reference code: PT/FB
Entity holding: BIAL Foundation
Location: S. Mamede do Coronado
Title:
BIAL Foundation Archive
Start date: 1994
History:
The BIAL Foundation was created in 1994 by Laboratórios BIAL in conjunction with the Council of Rectors of Portuguese Universities. BIAL’s Foundation mission is to foster the scientific study of Man from both the physical and spiritual perspectives.
Along the years the BIAL Foundation has developed an important relationship with the scientific community, first in Portugal and after worldwide. Today it is an institution of reference which aims to stimulate new researches that may help people, promote more health and contribute to new milestones to gain access to knowledge.
Among its activities the BIAL Foundation manages the BIAL Award, created in 1984, one of the most important awards in the Health field in Europe. The BIAL Award rewards both the basic and the clinical research distinguishing works of major impact in medical research.
The BIAL Foundation also assigns Scientific Research Scholarships for the study of neurophysiological and mental health in people, arousing the interest of researchers in the areas of Psychophysiology and Parapsychology.
To date the BIAL Foundation has supported 461 projects, more than 1000 researchers, with research groups in twenty-seven countries, resulting, until April 2013, in about 600 full papers, out of which 172 published in indexed international journals with an average impact factor of 3.6 and a substantial number of citations (1665).
Since 1996 the BIAL Foundation organizes the Symposia entitled "Behind and Beyond the Brain", a Forum that gathers well renowned neurosciences speakers and the BIAL Foundation Fellows which are spread around the world.
Classified as an institution of public utility, the BIAL Foundation includes among its patrons the Portuguese President, the Portuguese Universities Rectors' Council and the Portuguese Medical Association.
URL: http://www.bial.com/pt/
Accessibility: By permission

Reference code: PT/FB/BL
Entity holding: BIAL Foundation
Title: BIAL Grants
Start date: 1994
History:
In 1994 the BIAL Foundation launched a programme of science research grants with the aim of encouraging the research into Man’s physical and mental processes, namely in fields still largely unexplored but which warrant further scientific analysis, as Psychophysiology and Parapsychology.
Since its launch, applications to the BIAL grants have been increasing. Up to now 461 projects have been supported, involving more than 1000 researchers from 27 countries.
The approved applications have benefited from grants in amounts comprised between €5,000 and €50, 000. The amount to be granted is fixed by the Scientific board according to the needs of each project.
The supported projects have originated, until April 2013, in about 600 full papers, 172 out of which were published in indexed international journals with an average impact factor of 3.6 and a substantial number of citations (1665).
Among the BIAL Foundation fellows is worth highlighting the presence of scientists from prestigious universities from the United States, United Kingdom, Australia, Russia, Germany, Japan, France, Canada, and many others.
The BIAL grants are promoted biannually.

Reference code: PT/FB/BL-2020
Location: BF-GMS
Title:
2020 Grants
Start date: 2021-01

Reference code: PT/FB/BL-2020-241
Location: BF-GMS
Title:
241 - The premotor roots of musical beat perception and imagery: A neurophysiological investigation
Duration: 2021-09 - 2026-02
Researcher(s):
Carlotta Lega, Virginia Penhune, Luigi Cattaneo
Institution(s): Department of Psychology, Università degli Studi di Milano-Bicocca (Italy)
Contents: Contents:
Application form
Correspondence
Research Funding Agreement
Progress report
Articles
Language: eng
Author:
Lega, C.
Secondary author(s):
Penhune, V., Cattaneo, L.
Number of reproductions:
1
Keywords:
Premotor cortex / Musical rhythm / Imagery / Perception / Psychophysiology

Reference code: PT/FB/BL-2020-241.03
Location: BF-GMS
Title:
Subtle patterns of altered responsiveness to delayed auditory feedback during finger tapping in people who stutter
Publication year: 2024
URL:
https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci14050472
Abstract/Results: ABSTRACT:
Differences in sensorimotor integration mechanisms have been observed between people who stutter (PWS) and controls who do not. Delayed auditory feedback (DAF) introduces timing discrepancies between perception and action, disrupting sequence production in verbal and non-verbal domains. While DAF consistently enhances speech fluency in PWS, its impact on non-verbal sensorimotor synchronization abilities remains unexplored. A total of 11 PWS and 13 matched controls completed five tasks: (1) unpaced tapping; (2) synchronization-continuation task (SCT) without auditory feedback; (3) SCT with DAF, with instruction either to align the sound in time with the metronome; or (4) to ignore the sound and align their physical tap to the metronome. Additionally, we measured participants’ sensitivity to detecting delayed feedback using a (5) delay discrimination task. Results showed that DAF significantly affected performance in controls as a function of delay duration, despite being irrelevant to the task. Conversely, PWS performance remained stable across delays. When auditory feedback was absent, no differences were found between PWS and controls. Moreover, PWS were less able to detect delays in speech and tapping tasks. These findings show subtle differences in non-verbal sensorimotor performance between PWS and controls, specifically when action–perception loops are disrupted by delays, contributing to models of sensorimotor integration in stuttering.
Accessibility: Document exists in file
Language:
eng
Author:
Lazzari, G.
Secondary author(s):
van de Vorst, R., van Vugt, F. T., Lega, C.
Document type:
Article
Number of reproductions:
1
Percentiles:
0.00|0.00
Reference:
Lazzari, G., van de Vorst, R., van Vugt, F. T., & Lega, C. (2024). Subtle patterns of altered responsiveness to delayed auditory feedback during finger tapping in people who stutter. Brain Sciences, 14(5), 472. https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci14050472
2-year Impact Factor: 2.8|2024
Times cited: 0|2026-02-16
Indexed document: Yes
Quartile: Q3
Keywords: Stuttering / Delayed auditory feedback / Synchronization-continuation task / Tapping

Subtle patterns of altered responsiveness to delayed auditory feedback during finger tapping in people who stutter

Subtle patterns of altered responsiveness to delayed auditory feedback during finger tapping in people who stutter
DocumentPleasantness makes a good time: musical consonance shapes interpersonal synchronization in dyadic joint action2024

Reference code: PT/FB
Entity holding: BIAL Foundation
Location: S. Mamede do Coronado
Title:
BIAL Foundation Archive
Start date: 1994
History:
The BIAL Foundation was created in 1994 by Laboratórios BIAL in conjunction with the Council of Rectors of Portuguese Universities. BIAL’s Foundation mission is to foster the scientific study of Man from both the physical and spiritual perspectives.
Along the years the BIAL Foundation has developed an important relationship with the scientific community, first in Portugal and after worldwide. Today it is an institution of reference which aims to stimulate new researches that may help people, promote more health and contribute to new milestones to gain access to knowledge.
Among its activities the BIAL Foundation manages the BIAL Award, created in 1984, one of the most important awards in the Health field in Europe. The BIAL Award rewards both the basic and the clinical research distinguishing works of major impact in medical research.
The BIAL Foundation also assigns Scientific Research Scholarships for the study of neurophysiological and mental health in people, arousing the interest of researchers in the areas of Psychophysiology and Parapsychology.
To date the BIAL Foundation has supported 461 projects, more than 1000 researchers, with research groups in twenty-seven countries, resulting, until April 2013, in about 600 full papers, out of which 172 published in indexed international journals with an average impact factor of 3.6 and a substantial number of citations (1665).
Since 1996 the BIAL Foundation organizes the Symposia entitled "Behind and Beyond the Brain", a Forum that gathers well renowned neurosciences speakers and the BIAL Foundation Fellows which are spread around the world.
Classified as an institution of public utility, the BIAL Foundation includes among its patrons the Portuguese President, the Portuguese Universities Rectors' Council and the Portuguese Medical Association.
URL: http://www.bial.com/pt/
Accessibility: By permission

Reference code: PT/FB/BL
Entity holding: BIAL Foundation
Title: BIAL Grants
Start date: 1994
History:
In 1994 the BIAL Foundation launched a programme of science research grants with the aim of encouraging the research into Man’s physical and mental processes, namely in fields still largely unexplored but which warrant further scientific analysis, as Psychophysiology and Parapsychology.
Since its launch, applications to the BIAL grants have been increasing. Up to now 461 projects have been supported, involving more than 1000 researchers from 27 countries.
The approved applications have benefited from grants in amounts comprised between €5,000 and €50, 000. The amount to be granted is fixed by the Scientific board according to the needs of each project.
The supported projects have originated, until April 2013, in about 600 full papers, 172 out of which were published in indexed international journals with an average impact factor of 3.6 and a substantial number of citations (1665).
Among the BIAL Foundation fellows is worth highlighting the presence of scientists from prestigious universities from the United States, United Kingdom, Australia, Russia, Germany, Japan, France, Canada, and many others.
The BIAL grants are promoted biannually.

Reference code: PT/FB/BL-2020
Location: BF-GMS
Title:
2020 Grants
Start date: 2021-01

Reference code: PT/FB/BL-2020-241
Location: BF-GMS
Title:
241 - The premotor roots of musical beat perception and imagery: A neurophysiological investigation
Duration: 2021-09 - 2026-02
Researcher(s):
Carlotta Lega, Virginia Penhune, Luigi Cattaneo
Institution(s): Department of Psychology, Università degli Studi di Milano-Bicocca (Italy)
Contents: Contents:
Application form
Correspondence
Research Funding Agreement
Progress report
Articles
Language: eng
Author:
Lega, C.
Secondary author(s):
Penhune, V., Cattaneo, L.
Number of reproductions:
1
Keywords:
Premotor cortex / Musical rhythm / Imagery / Perception / Psychophysiology

Reference code: PT/FB/BL-2020-241.04
Location: BF-GMS
Title:
Pleasantness makes a good time: musical consonance shapes interpersonal synchronization in dyadic joint action
Publication year: 2024
URL:
https://doi.org/10.3389/fnhum.2024.1472632
Abstract/Results: ABSTRACT:
Introduction: Music making is a process by which humans across cultures come together to create patterns of sounds that are aesthetically pleasing. What remains unclear is how this aesthetic outcome affects the sensorimotor interaction between participants.
Method: Here we approach this question using an interpersonal sensorimotor synchronization paradigm to test whether the quality of a jointly created chord (consonant vs. dissonant) affects movement coordination. We recruited non-musician participants in dyads to perform a dyadic synchronization-continuation task (dSCT): on each trial, participants first synchronized their movements to a metronome (synchronization phase) and then continued tapping together at the same tempo without the metronome (continuation phase). Each tap yielded a note and participants heard both their own and that of their partner, thus creating a chord that was varied to be either consonant (Perf5 or Maj6) or dissonant (Min2 or Maj2). For each trial, participants also rated the pleasure they felt in creating the sounds together. Additionally, they completed questionnaires about social closeness to the other participant, musical reward sensitivity and musical training.
Results: Results showed that participants' taps were closer in time when they jointly created consonant (high pleasure) vs. dissonant (low pleasure) chords, and that pleasure experienced by the dyad in each trial predicted interpersonal synchronization. However, consonance did not affect individual synchronization with the metronome or individual tapping when the metronome was discontinued. The effect of consonance on synchronization was greater in dyads who reported feeling less close prior to the task.
Discussion: Together, these results highlight the role of consonance in shaping the temporal coordination of our actions with others. More broadly, this work shows that the aesthetic outcome of what we create together affects joint behaviors.
Accessibility: Document exists in file
Language:
eng
Author:
Lazzari, G.
Secondary author(s):
Sacheli, L. M., Benoit, C.-E., Lega, C., van Vugt, F. T.
Document type:
Article
Number of reproductions:
1
Percentiles:
51.11|0.65
Reference:
Lazzari, G., Sacheli, L. M., Benoit, C.-E., Lega, C., & van Vugt, F. T. (2024). Pleasantness makes a good time: Musical consonance shapes interpersonal synchronization in dyadic joint action. Frontiers in Human Neuroscience, 18, 1472632. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnhum.2024.1472632
2-year Impact Factor: 2.7|2024
Times cited: 2|2026-02-16
Indexed document: Yes
Quartile: Q2
Keywords: Joint action / Interpersonal synchronization / Musical pleasantness / Consonance / Joint outcome

Pleasantness makes a good time: musical consonance shapes interpersonal synchronization in dyadic joint action

Pleasantness makes a good time: musical consonance shapes interpersonal synchronization in dyadic joint action
DocumentTopography of functional organization of beat perception in human premotor cortex: Causal evidence from a transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) study2025

Reference code: PT/FB
Entity holding: BIAL Foundation
Location: S. Mamede do Coronado
Title:
BIAL Foundation Archive
Start date: 1994
History:
The BIAL Foundation was created in 1994 by Laboratórios BIAL in conjunction with the Council of Rectors of Portuguese Universities. BIAL’s Foundation mission is to foster the scientific study of Man from both the physical and spiritual perspectives.
Along the years the BIAL Foundation has developed an important relationship with the scientific community, first in Portugal and after worldwide. Today it is an institution of reference which aims to stimulate new researches that may help people, promote more health and contribute to new milestones to gain access to knowledge.
Among its activities the BIAL Foundation manages the BIAL Award, created in 1984, one of the most important awards in the Health field in Europe. The BIAL Award rewards both the basic and the clinical research distinguishing works of major impact in medical research.
The BIAL Foundation also assigns Scientific Research Scholarships for the study of neurophysiological and mental health in people, arousing the interest of researchers in the areas of Psychophysiology and Parapsychology.
To date the BIAL Foundation has supported 461 projects, more than 1000 researchers, with research groups in twenty-seven countries, resulting, until April 2013, in about 600 full papers, out of which 172 published in indexed international journals with an average impact factor of 3.6 and a substantial number of citations (1665).
Since 1996 the BIAL Foundation organizes the Symposia entitled "Behind and Beyond the Brain", a Forum that gathers well renowned neurosciences speakers and the BIAL Foundation Fellows which are spread around the world.
Classified as an institution of public utility, the BIAL Foundation includes among its patrons the Portuguese President, the Portuguese Universities Rectors' Council and the Portuguese Medical Association.
URL: http://www.bial.com/pt/
Accessibility: By permission

Reference code: PT/FB/BL
Entity holding: BIAL Foundation
Title: BIAL Grants
Start date: 1994
History:
In 1994 the BIAL Foundation launched a programme of science research grants with the aim of encouraging the research into Man’s physical and mental processes, namely in fields still largely unexplored but which warrant further scientific analysis, as Psychophysiology and Parapsychology.
Since its launch, applications to the BIAL grants have been increasing. Up to now 461 projects have been supported, involving more than 1000 researchers from 27 countries.
The approved applications have benefited from grants in amounts comprised between €5,000 and €50, 000. The amount to be granted is fixed by the Scientific board according to the needs of each project.
The supported projects have originated, until April 2013, in about 600 full papers, 172 out of which were published in indexed international journals with an average impact factor of 3.6 and a substantial number of citations (1665).
Among the BIAL Foundation fellows is worth highlighting the presence of scientists from prestigious universities from the United States, United Kingdom, Australia, Russia, Germany, Japan, France, Canada, and many others.
The BIAL grants are promoted biannually.

Reference code: PT/FB/BL-2020
Location: BF-GMS
Title:
2020 Grants
Start date: 2021-01

Reference code: PT/FB/BL-2020-241
Location: BF-GMS
Title:
241 - The premotor roots of musical beat perception and imagery: A neurophysiological investigation
Duration: 2021-09 - 2026-02
Researcher(s):
Carlotta Lega, Virginia Penhune, Luigi Cattaneo
Institution(s): Department of Psychology, Università degli Studi di Milano-Bicocca (Italy)
Contents: Contents:
Application form
Correspondence
Research Funding Agreement
Progress report
Articles
Language: eng
Author:
Lega, C.
Secondary author(s):
Penhune, V., Cattaneo, L.
Number of reproductions:
1
Keywords:
Premotor cortex / Musical rhythm / Imagery / Perception / Psychophysiology

Reference code: PT/FB/BL-2020-241.05
Location: BF-GMS
Title:
Topography of functional organization of beat perception in human premotor cortex: Causal evidence from a transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) study
Publication year: 2025
URL:
https://doi.org/10.1002/hbm.70225
Abstract/Results: ABSTRACT:
Humans can flexibly extract a regular beat from complex rhythmic auditory patterns, as often occurs in music. Contemporary models of beat perception suggest that the premotor cortex (PMC) and the supplementary motor area (SMA) are integral to this process. However, how these motor planning regions actively contribute to beat perception, along with any potential hemispheric specialization, remains open questions. Therefore, following the validation of stimuli in a behavioral experiment (Experiment I, N = 29, 12 males, mean age = 23.8 ± 0.7 years), we employed transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) to test the causal contribution of these regions to beat perception. In Experiment II (N = 40, 16 males, mean age = 23.2 ± 2.37 years), we applied online repetitive TMS (rTMS) over a defined grid encompassing the right rostral and caudal dPMC, SMA, and pre-SMA, and a sham control location. Results showed that stimulation of the caudal portion of right dPMC selectively affected beat perception compared to all other regions. In Experiment III (preregistered, N = 42, 17 males, mean age = 23.5 ± 2.61 years), we tested the lateralization of this contribution by applying rTMS over right and left caudal dPMC. Our results showed that only stimulation over right, but not left, dPMC modulated beat perception. Finally, across all three experiments, individual differences in musical reward predicted beat perception sensitivity. Together, these results support the causal role of the right dPMC in generating internal action predictions and perceptual expectations regarding ongoing sequential events, in line with recent models emphasizing the role of the dorsal auditory stream in beat-based temporal perception. These findings offer valuable insights into the functional organization of the premotor cortex, contributing to a deeper understanding of the neural mechanisms involved in human rhythm perception.
Accessibility: Document exists in file
Language:
eng
Author:
Lazzari, G.
Secondary author(s):
Costantini, G., La Rocca, S., Massironi, A., Cattaneo, L., Penhune, V., Lega, C.
Document type:
Article
Number of reproductions:
1
Percentiles:
68.59|1.46
Reference:
Lazzari, G., Costantini, G., La Rocca, S., Massironi, A., Cattaneo, L., Penhune, V., & Lega, C. (2025). Topography of functional organization of beat perception in human premotor cortex: Causal evidence from a transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) study. Human Brain Mapping, 46(7), e70225. https://doi.org/10.1002/hbm.70225
2-year Impact Factor: 3.3|2024
Impact factor notes: Impact factor not available yet for 2025
Times cited: 2|2026-02-17
Indexed document: Yes
Quartile: Q1
Keywords: Music / Premotor cortex / Rhythm perception / Supplementary motor areas / Transcranial magnetic stimulation

Topography of functional organization of beat perception in human premotor cortex: Causal evidence from a transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) study

Topography of functional organization of beat perception in human premotor cortex: Causal evidence from a transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) study
DocumentImagining the beat: Causal evidence for dorsal premotor cortex (dPMC) role in beat imagery via transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS)2025

Reference code: PT/FB
Entity holding: BIAL Foundation
Location: S. Mamede do Coronado
Title:
BIAL Foundation Archive
Start date: 1994
History:
The BIAL Foundation was created in 1994 by Laboratórios BIAL in conjunction with the Council of Rectors of Portuguese Universities. BIAL’s Foundation mission is to foster the scientific study of Man from both the physical and spiritual perspectives.
Along the years the BIAL Foundation has developed an important relationship with the scientific community, first in Portugal and after worldwide. Today it is an institution of reference which aims to stimulate new researches that may help people, promote more health and contribute to new milestones to gain access to knowledge.
Among its activities the BIAL Foundation manages the BIAL Award, created in 1984, one of the most important awards in the Health field in Europe. The BIAL Award rewards both the basic and the clinical research distinguishing works of major impact in medical research.
The BIAL Foundation also assigns Scientific Research Scholarships for the study of neurophysiological and mental health in people, arousing the interest of researchers in the areas of Psychophysiology and Parapsychology.
To date the BIAL Foundation has supported 461 projects, more than 1000 researchers, with research groups in twenty-seven countries, resulting, until April 2013, in about 600 full papers, out of which 172 published in indexed international journals with an average impact factor of 3.6 and a substantial number of citations (1665).
Since 1996 the BIAL Foundation organizes the Symposia entitled "Behind and Beyond the Brain", a Forum that gathers well renowned neurosciences speakers and the BIAL Foundation Fellows which are spread around the world.
Classified as an institution of public utility, the BIAL Foundation includes among its patrons the Portuguese President, the Portuguese Universities Rectors' Council and the Portuguese Medical Association.
URL: http://www.bial.com/pt/
Accessibility: By permission

Reference code: PT/FB/BL
Entity holding: BIAL Foundation
Title: BIAL Grants
Start date: 1994
History:
In 1994 the BIAL Foundation launched a programme of science research grants with the aim of encouraging the research into Man’s physical and mental processes, namely in fields still largely unexplored but which warrant further scientific analysis, as Psychophysiology and Parapsychology.
Since its launch, applications to the BIAL grants have been increasing. Up to now 461 projects have been supported, involving more than 1000 researchers from 27 countries.
The approved applications have benefited from grants in amounts comprised between €5,000 and €50, 000. The amount to be granted is fixed by the Scientific board according to the needs of each project.
The supported projects have originated, until April 2013, in about 600 full papers, 172 out of which were published in indexed international journals with an average impact factor of 3.6 and a substantial number of citations (1665).
Among the BIAL Foundation fellows is worth highlighting the presence of scientists from prestigious universities from the United States, United Kingdom, Australia, Russia, Germany, Japan, France, Canada, and many others.
The BIAL grants are promoted biannually.

Reference code: PT/FB/BL-2020
Location: BF-GMS
Title:
2020 Grants
Start date: 2021-01

Reference code: PT/FB/BL-2020-241
Location: BF-GMS
Title:
241 - The premotor roots of musical beat perception and imagery: A neurophysiological investigation
Duration: 2021-09 - 2026-02
Researcher(s):
Carlotta Lega, Virginia Penhune, Luigi Cattaneo
Institution(s): Department of Psychology, Università degli Studi di Milano-Bicocca (Italy)
Contents: Contents:
Application form
Correspondence
Research Funding Agreement
Progress report
Articles
Language: eng
Author:
Lega, C.
Secondary author(s):
Penhune, V., Cattaneo, L.
Number of reproductions:
1
Keywords:
Premotor cortex / Musical rhythm / Imagery / Perception / Psychophysiology

Reference code: PT/FB/BL-2020-241.06
Location: BF-GMS
Title:
Imagining the beat: Causal evidence for dorsal premotor cortex (dPMC) role in beat imagery via transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS)
Publication year: 2025
URL:
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroimage.2025.121593
Abstract/Results: ABSTRACT:
The ability to internally generate and maintain a rhythmic pulse, i.e., beat imagery, is a fundamental aspect of musical cognition. While recent theories propose that premotor regions support internal temporal predictions during rhythm perception and imagery, direct causal evidence remains limited. In this study, we investigated the specific contributions of the dorsal premotor cortex (dPMC) and the supplementary motor area (SMA) to beat imagery using transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS). Forty-two non-musicians listened to rhythmic musical excerpts and judged whether a probe tone, presented after a short silent period, was temporally aligned with the imagined beat. TMS (three pulses at 10 Hz) was delivered over dPMC, SMA, or a sham control site (coil tilted 90° over M1) immediately before the imagery phase. Participants also completed the Bucknell Auditory Imagery Scale (BAIS) to assess individual differences in auditory imagery abilities. Results showed that TMS over the dPMC significantly modulated beat imagery performance, particularly in individuals with lower auditory imagery scores. No effects were observed following SMA stimulation. These findings provide causal evidence for the involvement of the dPMC in the endogenous generation of rhythmic structure and suggest a functional dissociation between motor-related areas in beat-based timing. Moreover, the interaction between stimulation effects and individual imagery abilities indicates that the neural response to TMS is shaped by individual functional states. Collectively, these results highlight the flexible and context-dependent nature of rhythm imagery mechanisms and support a predictive role for the dPMC, and more broadly, the dorsal auditory stream, in internally guided beat processing.
Accessibility: Document exists in file
Language:
eng
Author:
Lazzari, G.
Secondary author(s):
Ferreri, L., Cattaneo, L., Penhune, V., Lega, C.
Document type:
Article
Number of reproductions:
1
Percentiles:
0.00|0.00
Reference:
Lazzari, G., Ferreri, L., Cattaneo, L., Penhune, V., & Lega, C. (2025). Imagining the beat: causal evidence for dorsal premotor cortex (dPMC) role in beat imagery via transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS). NeuroImage, 323, 121593. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroimage.2025.121593
2-year Impact Factor: 4.5|2024
Impact factor notes: Impact factor not available yet for 2025
Times cited: 0|2026-02-17
Indexed document: Yes
Quartile: Q1
Keywords: Active perception / Beat-based predictions / Endogenous beat generation / Premotor cortex / Rhythm imagery / Supplementary motor areas / Transcranial magnetic stimulation

Imagining the beat: Causal evidence for dorsal premotor cortex (dPMC) role in beat imagery via transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS)

Imagining the beat: Causal evidence for dorsal premotor cortex (dPMC) role in beat imagery via transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS)
DocumentFinal report - The premotor roots of musical beat perception and imagery: A neurophysiological investigation2026

Reference code: PT/FB
Entity holding: BIAL Foundation
Location: S. Mamede do Coronado
Title:
BIAL Foundation Archive
Start date: 1994
History:
The BIAL Foundation was created in 1994 by Laboratórios BIAL in conjunction with the Council of Rectors of Portuguese Universities. BIAL’s Foundation mission is to foster the scientific study of Man from both the physical and spiritual perspectives.
Along the years the BIAL Foundation has developed an important relationship with the scientific community, first in Portugal and after worldwide. Today it is an institution of reference which aims to stimulate new researches that may help people, promote more health and contribute to new milestones to gain access to knowledge.
Among its activities the BIAL Foundation manages the BIAL Award, created in 1984, one of the most important awards in the Health field in Europe. The BIAL Award rewards both the basic and the clinical research distinguishing works of major impact in medical research.
The BIAL Foundation also assigns Scientific Research Scholarships for the study of neurophysiological and mental health in people, arousing the interest of researchers in the areas of Psychophysiology and Parapsychology.
To date the BIAL Foundation has supported 461 projects, more than 1000 researchers, with research groups in twenty-seven countries, resulting, until April 2013, in about 600 full papers, out of which 172 published in indexed international journals with an average impact factor of 3.6 and a substantial number of citations (1665).
Since 1996 the BIAL Foundation organizes the Symposia entitled "Behind and Beyond the Brain", a Forum that gathers well renowned neurosciences speakers and the BIAL Foundation Fellows which are spread around the world.
Classified as an institution of public utility, the BIAL Foundation includes among its patrons the Portuguese President, the Portuguese Universities Rectors' Council and the Portuguese Medical Association.
URL: http://www.bial.com/pt/
Accessibility: By permission

Reference code: PT/FB/BL
Entity holding: BIAL Foundation
Title: BIAL Grants
Start date: 1994
History:
In 1994 the BIAL Foundation launched a programme of science research grants with the aim of encouraging the research into Man’s physical and mental processes, namely in fields still largely unexplored but which warrant further scientific analysis, as Psychophysiology and Parapsychology.
Since its launch, applications to the BIAL grants have been increasing. Up to now 461 projects have been supported, involving more than 1000 researchers from 27 countries.
The approved applications have benefited from grants in amounts comprised between €5,000 and €50, 000. The amount to be granted is fixed by the Scientific board according to the needs of each project.
The supported projects have originated, until April 2013, in about 600 full papers, 172 out of which were published in indexed international journals with an average impact factor of 3.6 and a substantial number of citations (1665).
Among the BIAL Foundation fellows is worth highlighting the presence of scientists from prestigious universities from the United States, United Kingdom, Australia, Russia, Germany, Japan, France, Canada, and many others.
The BIAL grants are promoted biannually.

Reference code: PT/FB/BL-2020
Location: BF-GMS
Title:
2020 Grants
Start date: 2021-01

Reference code: PT/FB/BL-2020-241
Location: BF-GMS
Title:
241 - The premotor roots of musical beat perception and imagery: A neurophysiological investigation
Duration: 2021-09 - 2026-02
Researcher(s):
Carlotta Lega, Virginia Penhune, Luigi Cattaneo
Institution(s): Department of Psychology, Università degli Studi di Milano-Bicocca (Italy)
Contents: Contents:
Application form
Correspondence
Research Funding Agreement
Progress report
Articles
Language: eng
Author:
Lega, C.
Secondary author(s):
Penhune, V., Cattaneo, L.
Number of reproductions:
1
Keywords:
Premotor cortex / Musical rhythm / Imagery / Perception / Psychophysiology

Reference code: PT/FB/BL-2020-241.01
Location: BF-GMS
Title:
Final report - The premotor roots of musical beat perception and imagery: A neurophysiological investigation
Publication year: 2026
Abstract/Results:
ABSTRACT:
BACKGROUND
Humans can extract, imagine, and synchronize to a regular beat from complex rhythms. Rhythm perception relies on top-down predictive mechanisms rather than fixed stimulus–response mappings. The motor system supports such temporal prediction even without movement, with the premotor cortex (PMC) proposed as a key source of auditory timing predictions.
AIMS
The causal role, spatial specificity, and connectivity of the PMC in beat-based timing remain unclear. This project addresses these issues by combining behavioral and neurophysiological methods to examine the causal contribution and functional organization of the PMC during rhythm perception and imagery.
METHODS
Study I applied online repetitive TMS over right rostral and caudal dorsal PMC (dPMC), Supplementary motor area (SMA=, pre-SMA, and a sham site to test topographical and hemispheric specificity in beat perception. Study II assessed the causal role of dPMC and SMA in beat imagery. Study III combined TMS with EEG to investigate dPMC excitability and its influence on auditory processing.
RESULTS
Stimulation of the right caudal dPMC selectively disrupted beat perception and imagery, with effects limited to the right hemisphere and strongest within individuals with lower auditory imagery ability. TMS–EEG results showed that higher right dPMC excitability predicted enhanced neural responses to perceived or imagined strong-beat positions, consistent with top-down modulation of auditory processing.
CONCLUSIONS
These findings provide converging evidence that the right caudal dPMC functions as a core hub for motor-based temporal prediction, shaping rhythmic perception and imagery. More broadly, they support theoretical accounts of rhythm as an active predictive process emerging from interactions between perception, action, and internal models of time.
Accessibility: Document exists in file
Language:
eng
Author:
Lega, C.
Secondary author(s):
Cattaneo, L., Penhune, V.
Document type:
Final report
Number of reproductions:
1
Indexed document:
No
Keywords: Transcranial magnetic stimulation / Premotor cortex / Supplementary motor areas / Rhythm perception / Music

Final report - The premotor roots of musical beat perception and imagery: A neurophysiological investigation

Final report - The premotor roots of musical beat perception and imagery: A neurophysiological investigation