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BIAL Foundation
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File101 - I am where I believe my body is2023-052025-05

Reference code: PT/FB
Entity holding: BIAL Foundation
Location: S. Mamede do Coronado
Title:
BIAL Foundation Archive
Start date: 1994
History:
The BIAL Foundation was created in 1994 by Laboratórios BIAL in conjunction with the Council of Rectors of Portuguese Universities. BIAL’s Foundation mission is to foster the scientific study of Man from both the physical and spiritual perspectives.
Along the years the BIAL Foundation has developed an important relationship with the scientific community, first in Portugal and after worldwide. Today it is an institution of reference which aims to stimulate new researches that may help people, promote more health and contribute to new milestones to gain access to knowledge.
Among its activities the BIAL Foundation manages the BIAL Award, created in 1984, one of the most important awards in the Health field in Europe. The BIAL Award rewards both the basic and the clinical research distinguishing works of major impact in medical research.
The BIAL Foundation also assigns Scientific Research Scholarships for the study of neurophysiological and mental health in people, arousing the interest of researchers in the areas of Psychophysiology and Parapsychology.
To date the BIAL Foundation has supported 461 projects, more than 1000 researchers, with research groups in twenty-seven countries, resulting, until April 2013, in about 600 full papers, out of which 172 published in indexed international journals with an average impact factor of 3.6 and a substantial number of citations (1665).
Since 1996 the BIAL Foundation organizes the Symposia entitled "Behind and Beyond the Brain", a Forum that gathers well renowned neurosciences speakers and the BIAL Foundation Fellows which are spread around the world.
Classified as an institution of public utility, the BIAL Foundation includes among its patrons the Portuguese President, the Portuguese Universities Rectors' Council and the Portuguese Medical Association.
URL: http://www.bial.com/pt/
Accessibility: By permission

Reference code: PT/FB/BL
Entity holding: BIAL Foundation
Title: BIAL Grants
Start date: 1994
History:
In 1994 the BIAL Foundation launched a programme of science research grants with the aim of encouraging the research into Man’s physical and mental processes, namely in fields still largely unexplored but which warrant further scientific analysis, as Psychophysiology and Parapsychology.
Since its launch, applications to the BIAL grants have been increasing. Up to now 461 projects have been supported, involving more than 1000 researchers from 27 countries.
The approved applications have benefited from grants in amounts comprised between €5,000 and €50, 000. The amount to be granted is fixed by the Scientific board according to the needs of each project.
The supported projects have originated, until April 2013, in about 600 full papers, 172 out of which were published in indexed international journals with an average impact factor of 3.6 and a substantial number of citations (1665).
Among the BIAL Foundation fellows is worth highlighting the presence of scientists from prestigious universities from the United States, United Kingdom, Australia, Russia, Germany, Japan, France, Canada, and many others.
The BIAL grants are promoted biannually.

Reference code: PT/FB/BL-2022
Location: BF-GMS
Title:
2022 Grants
Start date: 2023-01

Reference code: PT/FB/BL-2022-101
Location: BF-GMS
Title:
101 - I am where I believe my body is
Duration: 2023-05 - 2025-05
Researcher(s):
Giorgia Tosi
Institution(s): Department of Psychology, Universitŕ degli Studi di Milano-Bicocca (Italy); Department of Psychology, Universitŕ degli Studi di Milano-Bicocca (Italy)
Contents: Contents:
Application form
Correspondence
Research Funding Agreement
Progress report
Final report
Articles
Language: eng
Author:
Tosi, G,
Number of reproductions:
1
Keywords:
Ownership / Location / Prediction / Body illusions / Psychophysiology
DocumentI am where I believe my body is: The interplay between body spatial prediction and body ownership2024

Reference code: PT/FB
Entity holding: BIAL Foundation
Location: S. Mamede do Coronado
Title:
BIAL Foundation Archive
Start date: 1994
History:
The BIAL Foundation was created in 1994 by Laboratórios BIAL in conjunction with the Council of Rectors of Portuguese Universities. BIAL’s Foundation mission is to foster the scientific study of Man from both the physical and spiritual perspectives.
Along the years the BIAL Foundation has developed an important relationship with the scientific community, first in Portugal and after worldwide. Today it is an institution of reference which aims to stimulate new researches that may help people, promote more health and contribute to new milestones to gain access to knowledge.
Among its activities the BIAL Foundation manages the BIAL Award, created in 1984, one of the most important awards in the Health field in Europe. The BIAL Award rewards both the basic and the clinical research distinguishing works of major impact in medical research.
The BIAL Foundation also assigns Scientific Research Scholarships for the study of neurophysiological and mental health in people, arousing the interest of researchers in the areas of Psychophysiology and Parapsychology.
To date the BIAL Foundation has supported 461 projects, more than 1000 researchers, with research groups in twenty-seven countries, resulting, until April 2013, in about 600 full papers, out of which 172 published in indexed international journals with an average impact factor of 3.6 and a substantial number of citations (1665).
Since 1996 the BIAL Foundation organizes the Symposia entitled "Behind and Beyond the Brain", a Forum that gathers well renowned neurosciences speakers and the BIAL Foundation Fellows which are spread around the world.
Classified as an institution of public utility, the BIAL Foundation includes among its patrons the Portuguese President, the Portuguese Universities Rectors' Council and the Portuguese Medical Association.
URL: http://www.bial.com/pt/
Accessibility: By permission

Reference code: PT/FB/BL
Entity holding: BIAL Foundation
Title: BIAL Grants
Start date: 1994
History:
In 1994 the BIAL Foundation launched a programme of science research grants with the aim of encouraging the research into Man’s physical and mental processes, namely in fields still largely unexplored but which warrant further scientific analysis, as Psychophysiology and Parapsychology.
Since its launch, applications to the BIAL grants have been increasing. Up to now 461 projects have been supported, involving more than 1000 researchers from 27 countries.
The approved applications have benefited from grants in amounts comprised between €5,000 and €50, 000. The amount to be granted is fixed by the Scientific board according to the needs of each project.
The supported projects have originated, until April 2013, in about 600 full papers, 172 out of which were published in indexed international journals with an average impact factor of 3.6 and a substantial number of citations (1665).
Among the BIAL Foundation fellows is worth highlighting the presence of scientists from prestigious universities from the United States, United Kingdom, Australia, Russia, Germany, Japan, France, Canada, and many others.
The BIAL grants are promoted biannually.

Reference code: PT/FB/BL-2022
Location: BF-GMS
Title:
2022 Grants
Start date: 2023-01

Reference code: PT/FB/BL-2022-101
Location: BF-GMS
Title:
101 - I am where I believe my body is
Duration: 2023-05 - 2025-05
Researcher(s):
Giorgia Tosi
Institution(s): Department of Psychology, Universitŕ degli Studi di Milano-Bicocca (Italy); Department of Psychology, Universitŕ degli Studi di Milano-Bicocca (Italy)
Contents: Contents:
Application form
Correspondence
Research Funding Agreement
Progress report
Final report
Articles
Language: eng
Author:
Tosi, G,
Number of reproductions:
1
Keywords:
Ownership / Location / Prediction / Body illusions / Psychophysiology

Reference code: PT/FB/BL-2022-101.02
Location: BF-GMS
Title:
I am where I believe my body is: The interplay between body spatial prediction and body ownership
Publication year: 2024
URL:
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0314271
Abstract/Results: ABSTRACT:
Body ownership refers to the feeling that the body belongs to oneself. This study explores how our ability to predict our body's location in space influences feelings of ownership and disownership towards it, comparing two illusion techniques: the virtual Rubber Hand Illusion (vRHI) and the first-person perspective Full-Body Illusion (1pp-FBI). Participants were exposed to each illusion, where they observed a virtual body aligned or misaligned with their own. Participants observed the virtual body for 60s (i.e., visual exposure) and then experienced the multisensory body illusion. During the illusion, participants received tactile stimulation while observing the avatar being synchronously touched. After two minutes, a virtual knife appeared and stabbed the virtual body. We recorded the Skin Conductance Response (SCR) as an implicit embodiment measure. After the visual exposure and the body illusion, we administered a Body Localization Task to evaluate the body's perceived position and a questionnaire to measure embodiment and disembodiment subjective experience. We performed a series of Bayesian regression in a factorial within-subject design. Results showed that both illusions increased feelings of ownership, but this effect was weaker in the misaligned 1pp-FBI. Interestingly, disownership only occurred in the misaligned 1pp-FBI, particularly when the legs were misaligned. Additionally, we found a recalibration of the body's position toward the misaligned virtual body, but no changes emerged when the real and the fake body were aligned. Correlation analyses partially supported the hypothesis that the perceived body's position influences embodiment sensations in the 1pp-FBI. These findings suggest that our perception of where our body is in space plays a crucial role in how much we feel it belongs to us, supporting the idea that ownership may be more related to the perceived location than the body itself.
Accessibility: Document exists in file
Language:
eng
Author:
Frisco, F.
Secondary author(s):
Bruno, V., Romano, D., Tosi, G.
Document type:
Article
Number of reproductions:
1
Percentiles:
37.55|0.50
Reference:
Frisco, F., Bruno, V., Romano, D., & Tosi, G. (2024). I am where I believe my body is: The interplay between body spatial prediction and body ownership. PloS one, 19(12), e0314271. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0314271
2-year Impact Factor: 2.6|2024
Times cited: 2|2026-02-16
Indexed document: Yes
Quartile: Q2
Keywords: Ownership / Spatial prediction / Body illusions

I am where I believe my body is: The interplay between body spatial prediction and body ownership

I am where I believe my body is: The interplay between body spatial prediction and body ownership
DocumentFinal report - I am where I believe my body is2025

Reference code: PT/FB
Entity holding: BIAL Foundation
Location: S. Mamede do Coronado
Title:
BIAL Foundation Archive
Start date: 1994
History:
The BIAL Foundation was created in 1994 by Laboratórios BIAL in conjunction with the Council of Rectors of Portuguese Universities. BIAL’s Foundation mission is to foster the scientific study of Man from both the physical and spiritual perspectives.
Along the years the BIAL Foundation has developed an important relationship with the scientific community, first in Portugal and after worldwide. Today it is an institution of reference which aims to stimulate new researches that may help people, promote more health and contribute to new milestones to gain access to knowledge.
Among its activities the BIAL Foundation manages the BIAL Award, created in 1984, one of the most important awards in the Health field in Europe. The BIAL Award rewards both the basic and the clinical research distinguishing works of major impact in medical research.
The BIAL Foundation also assigns Scientific Research Scholarships for the study of neurophysiological and mental health in people, arousing the interest of researchers in the areas of Psychophysiology and Parapsychology.
To date the BIAL Foundation has supported 461 projects, more than 1000 researchers, with research groups in twenty-seven countries, resulting, until April 2013, in about 600 full papers, out of which 172 published in indexed international journals with an average impact factor of 3.6 and a substantial number of citations (1665).
Since 1996 the BIAL Foundation organizes the Symposia entitled "Behind and Beyond the Brain", a Forum that gathers well renowned neurosciences speakers and the BIAL Foundation Fellows which are spread around the world.
Classified as an institution of public utility, the BIAL Foundation includes among its patrons the Portuguese President, the Portuguese Universities Rectors' Council and the Portuguese Medical Association.
URL: http://www.bial.com/pt/
Accessibility: By permission

Reference code: PT/FB/BL
Entity holding: BIAL Foundation
Title: BIAL Grants
Start date: 1994
History:
In 1994 the BIAL Foundation launched a programme of science research grants with the aim of encouraging the research into Man’s physical and mental processes, namely in fields still largely unexplored but which warrant further scientific analysis, as Psychophysiology and Parapsychology.
Since its launch, applications to the BIAL grants have been increasing. Up to now 461 projects have been supported, involving more than 1000 researchers from 27 countries.
The approved applications have benefited from grants in amounts comprised between €5,000 and €50, 000. The amount to be granted is fixed by the Scientific board according to the needs of each project.
The supported projects have originated, until April 2013, in about 600 full papers, 172 out of which were published in indexed international journals with an average impact factor of 3.6 and a substantial number of citations (1665).
Among the BIAL Foundation fellows is worth highlighting the presence of scientists from prestigious universities from the United States, United Kingdom, Australia, Russia, Germany, Japan, France, Canada, and many others.
The BIAL grants are promoted biannually.

Reference code: PT/FB/BL-2022
Location: BF-GMS
Title:
2022 Grants
Start date: 2023-01

Reference code: PT/FB/BL-2022-101
Location: BF-GMS
Title:
101 - I am where I believe my body is
Duration: 2023-05 - 2025-05
Researcher(s):
Giorgia Tosi
Institution(s): Department of Psychology, Universitŕ degli Studi di Milano-Bicocca (Italy); Department of Psychology, Universitŕ degli Studi di Milano-Bicocca (Italy)
Contents: Contents:
Application form
Correspondence
Research Funding Agreement
Progress report
Final report
Articles
Language: eng
Author:
Tosi, G,
Number of reproductions:
1
Keywords:
Ownership / Location / Prediction / Body illusions / Psychophysiology

Reference code: PT/FB/BL-2022-101.01
Location: BF-GMS
Title:
Final report - I am where I believe my body is
Publication year: 2025
Abstract/Results:
ABSTRACT:
Background
The sense of body ownership relies on integrating visual, tactile, and proprioceptive cues. Previous research suggests this perception may depend on predicting the body’s spatial location.
Aims
This project aimed to test whether spatial prediction causally influences body ownership and disownership, and whether manipulating spatial expectations can alter embodiment experiences.
Method
Three studies were conducted using immersive virtual reality. Study 1 (N = 80) tested body ownership and localization during virtual Rubber Hand Illusion (vRHI) and first-person Full-Body Illusion (1pp-FBI) under aligned and misaligned conditions. Study 2 (N = 81) investigated verbal conditioning’s effect on spatial prediction and embodiment during vRHI. Study 3 (N = 50) tested verbal conditioning and visual feedback on implicit and explicit body localisation. Measures included proprioceptive drift, skin conductance response, and embodiment questionnaires.
Results
Embodiment increased across illusions, though disownership occurred only with explicit misalignment in 1pp-FBI. Proprioceptive drift indicated spatial recalibration toward virtual bodies in misaligned conditions. The correlation between predicted body location and embodiment was observed only in 1pp-FBI when recalibration was necessary. Verbal conditioning and visual information shifted perceived body position but did not increase embodiment.
Conclusions
The predicted body’s location may contribute to ownership and disownership when there is an explicit recognition of the incongruence between the two bodies’ positions. Verbal and visual cues bias spatial perception, but multisensory congruence is necessary to elicit embodiment.
Accessibility: Document exists in file
Language:
eng
Author:
Tosi, G.
Document type:
Final report
Number of reproductions:
1
Reference:
Tosi, G. (2025). Final report - I am where I believe my body is.
Indexed document: No
Keywords: Embodiment / Disembodiment / Body’s location / Verbal conditioning / Psychophysiology

Final report - I am where I believe my body is

Final report - I am where I believe my body is
DocumentTrust me, you are there: The role of verbal manipulation on embodiment and body localization2026

Reference code: PT/FB
Entity holding: BIAL Foundation
Location: S. Mamede do Coronado
Title:
BIAL Foundation Archive
Start date: 1994
History:
The BIAL Foundation was created in 1994 by Laboratórios BIAL in conjunction with the Council of Rectors of Portuguese Universities. BIAL’s Foundation mission is to foster the scientific study of Man from both the physical and spiritual perspectives.
Along the years the BIAL Foundation has developed an important relationship with the scientific community, first in Portugal and after worldwide. Today it is an institution of reference which aims to stimulate new researches that may help people, promote more health and contribute to new milestones to gain access to knowledge.
Among its activities the BIAL Foundation manages the BIAL Award, created in 1984, one of the most important awards in the Health field in Europe. The BIAL Award rewards both the basic and the clinical research distinguishing works of major impact in medical research.
The BIAL Foundation also assigns Scientific Research Scholarships for the study of neurophysiological and mental health in people, arousing the interest of researchers in the areas of Psychophysiology and Parapsychology.
To date the BIAL Foundation has supported 461 projects, more than 1000 researchers, with research groups in twenty-seven countries, resulting, until April 2013, in about 600 full papers, out of which 172 published in indexed international journals with an average impact factor of 3.6 and a substantial number of citations (1665).
Since 1996 the BIAL Foundation organizes the Symposia entitled "Behind and Beyond the Brain", a Forum that gathers well renowned neurosciences speakers and the BIAL Foundation Fellows which are spread around the world.
Classified as an institution of public utility, the BIAL Foundation includes among its patrons the Portuguese President, the Portuguese Universities Rectors' Council and the Portuguese Medical Association.
URL: http://www.bial.com/pt/
Accessibility: By permission

Reference code: PT/FB/BL
Entity holding: BIAL Foundation
Title: BIAL Grants
Start date: 1994
History:
In 1994 the BIAL Foundation launched a programme of science research grants with the aim of encouraging the research into Man’s physical and mental processes, namely in fields still largely unexplored but which warrant further scientific analysis, as Psychophysiology and Parapsychology.
Since its launch, applications to the BIAL grants have been increasing. Up to now 461 projects have been supported, involving more than 1000 researchers from 27 countries.
The approved applications have benefited from grants in amounts comprised between €5,000 and €50, 000. The amount to be granted is fixed by the Scientific board according to the needs of each project.
The supported projects have originated, until April 2013, in about 600 full papers, 172 out of which were published in indexed international journals with an average impact factor of 3.6 and a substantial number of citations (1665).
Among the BIAL Foundation fellows is worth highlighting the presence of scientists from prestigious universities from the United States, United Kingdom, Australia, Russia, Germany, Japan, France, Canada, and many others.
The BIAL grants are promoted biannually.

Reference code: PT/FB/BL-2022
Location: BF-GMS
Title:
2022 Grants
Start date: 2023-01

Reference code: PT/FB/BL-2022-101
Location: BF-GMS
Title:
101 - I am where I believe my body is
Duration: 2023-05 - 2025-05
Researcher(s):
Giorgia Tosi
Institution(s): Department of Psychology, Universitŕ degli Studi di Milano-Bicocca (Italy); Department of Psychology, Universitŕ degli Studi di Milano-Bicocca (Italy)
Contents: Contents:
Application form
Correspondence
Research Funding Agreement
Progress report
Final report
Articles
Language: eng
Author:
Tosi, G,
Number of reproductions:
1
Keywords:
Ownership / Location / Prediction / Body illusions / Psychophysiology

Reference code: PT/FB/BL-2022-101.03
Location: BF-GMS
Title:
Trust me, you are there: The role of verbal manipulation on embodiment and body localization
Publication year: 2026
URL:
https://doi.org/10.1007/s00426-026-02271-z
Abstract/Results: ABSTRACT:
Body ownership (the perception of the body as belonging to oneself) and body spatial perception arise from multisensory integration and can be altered by body illusions (e.g., Rubber Hand Illusion, RHI). In the RHI, synchronous visuo-tactile stimulation elicits ownership over a fake hand and shifts the perceived real hand position (Proprioceptive Drift). This study investigated whether altering body spatial predictions through verbal manipulation affects ownership in a virtual RHI (vRHI). In the Misleading Information Condition, participants were told their hand would be moved closer to the virtual hand. In the Correct Information Condition (Control Condition), participants were told their hand would be moved and then put back in its original position. Embodiment and perceived hand position were assessed at baseline (T0), after verbal manipulation (T1), and after vRHI induction (T2). Results showed that verbal manipulation altered spatial predictions: in the Misleading Information Condition, proprioceptive drift at T1 increased. However, after the vRHI, the drift was lower in the Misleading Information Condition than in the Control condition. Embodiment increased only after the vRHI. Thus, manipulating spatial predictions influenced hand position but not embodiment, revealing top-down modulation of body spatial perception. In contrast, multisensory illusion affected perceived position and embodiment, independently of prior verbal manipulations, suggesting a possible distinction between these processes.
Accessibility: Document exists in file
Language:
eng
Author:
Frisco, F.
Secondary author(s):
Bruno, V., Romano, D., Tosi, G.
Document type:
Article
Number of reproductions:
1
Reference:
Frisco, F., Bruno, V., Romano, D., & Tosi, G. (2026). Trust me, you are there: The role of verbal manipulation on embodiment and body localization. Psychological Research, 90, Article 73. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00426-026-02271-z
2-year Impact Factor: 2.3|2024
Impact factor notes: Impact factor not available yet for 2025
Times cited: 0|2026-04-14
Indexed document: Yes
Quartile: Q2
Keywords: Virtual RHI / Body ownership / Body’s location / Verbal manipulation

Trust me, you are there: The role of verbal manipulation on embodiment and body localization

Trust me, you are there: The role of verbal manipulation on embodiment and body localization