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BIAL Foundation
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File326 - Digital doppelgänger: Psychophysiological exploration of encounters with contrarian AI2025-07

Reference code: PT/FB
Entity holding: BIAL Foundation
Location: S. Mamede do Coronado
Title:
BIAL Foundation Archive
Start date: 1994
History:
The BIAL Foundation was created in 1994 by Laboratórios BIAL in conjunction with the Council of Rectors of Portuguese Universities. BIAL’s Foundation mission is to foster the scientific study of Man from both the physical and spiritual perspectives.
Along the years the BIAL Foundation has developed an important relationship with the scientific community, first in Portugal and after worldwide. Today it is an institution of reference which aims to stimulate new researches that may help people, promote more health and contribute to new milestones to gain access to knowledge.
Among its activities the BIAL Foundation manages the BIAL Award, created in 1984, one of the most important awards in the Health field in Europe. The BIAL Award rewards both the basic and the clinical research distinguishing works of major impact in medical research.
The BIAL Foundation also assigns Scientific Research Scholarships for the study of neurophysiological and mental health in people, arousing the interest of researchers in the areas of Psychophysiology and Parapsychology.
To date the BIAL Foundation has supported 461 projects, more than 1000 researchers, with research groups in twenty-seven countries, resulting, until April 2013, in about 600 full papers, out of which 172 published in indexed international journals with an average impact factor of 3.6 and a substantial number of citations (1665).
Since 1996 the BIAL Foundation organizes the Symposia entitled "Behind and Beyond the Brain", a Forum that gathers well renowned neurosciences speakers and the BIAL Foundation Fellows which are spread around the world.
Classified as an institution of public utility, the BIAL Foundation includes among its patrons the Portuguese President, the Portuguese Universities Rectors' Council and the Portuguese Medical Association.
URL: http://www.bial.com/pt/
Accessibility: By permission

Reference code: PT/FB/BL
Entity holding: BIAL Foundation
Title: BIAL Grants
Start date: 1994
History:
In 1994 the BIAL Foundation launched a programme of science research grants with the aim of encouraging the research into Man’s physical and mental processes, namely in fields still largely unexplored but which warrant further scientific analysis, as Psychophysiology and Parapsychology.
Since its launch, applications to the BIAL grants have been increasing. Up to now 461 projects have been supported, involving more than 1000 researchers from 27 countries.
The approved applications have benefited from grants in amounts comprised between €5,000 and €50, 000. The amount to be granted is fixed by the Scientific board according to the needs of each project.
The supported projects have originated, until April 2013, in about 600 full papers, 172 out of which were published in indexed international journals with an average impact factor of 3.6 and a substantial number of citations (1665).
Among the BIAL Foundation fellows is worth highlighting the presence of scientists from prestigious universities from the United States, United Kingdom, Australia, Russia, Germany, Japan, France, Canada, and many others.
The BIAL grants are promoted biannually.

Reference code: PT/FB/BL-2024
Location: BF-GMS
Title:
2024 Grants
Start date: 2025-01

Reference code: PT/FB/BL-2024-326
Location: BF-GMS
Title:
326 - Digital doppelgänger: Psychophysiological exploration of encounters with contrarian AI
Duration: 2025-07
Researcher(s):
Emily S. Cross, Manuel Hendry, Andrea Orlandi
Institution(s): Department of Humanities, Social and Political Sciences, ETH Zurich (Switzerland); Institute for the Performing Arts and Film, Zurich University of the Arts (Switzerland)
Contents: Contents:
Application form
Correspondence
Research Funding Agreement
Article
Language: eng
Notes:
Ongoing project
Author: Cross, E. S.
Secondary author(s):
Hendry, M., Orlandi, A.
Number of reproductions:
1
Keywords:
Social perception / Human-AI interaction / Emotion perception / Multi-psychophysiological methods / Psychophysiology
DocumentThe influence of human agency beliefs on ascribing gaze-signalled communicative intent2025

Reference code: PT/FB
Entity holding: BIAL Foundation
Location: S. Mamede do Coronado
Title:
BIAL Foundation Archive
Start date: 1994
History:
The BIAL Foundation was created in 1994 by Laboratórios BIAL in conjunction with the Council of Rectors of Portuguese Universities. BIAL’s Foundation mission is to foster the scientific study of Man from both the physical and spiritual perspectives.
Along the years the BIAL Foundation has developed an important relationship with the scientific community, first in Portugal and after worldwide. Today it is an institution of reference which aims to stimulate new researches that may help people, promote more health and contribute to new milestones to gain access to knowledge.
Among its activities the BIAL Foundation manages the BIAL Award, created in 1984, one of the most important awards in the Health field in Europe. The BIAL Award rewards both the basic and the clinical research distinguishing works of major impact in medical research.
The BIAL Foundation also assigns Scientific Research Scholarships for the study of neurophysiological and mental health in people, arousing the interest of researchers in the areas of Psychophysiology and Parapsychology.
To date the BIAL Foundation has supported 461 projects, more than 1000 researchers, with research groups in twenty-seven countries, resulting, until April 2013, in about 600 full papers, out of which 172 published in indexed international journals with an average impact factor of 3.6 and a substantial number of citations (1665).
Since 1996 the BIAL Foundation organizes the Symposia entitled "Behind and Beyond the Brain", a Forum that gathers well renowned neurosciences speakers and the BIAL Foundation Fellows which are spread around the world.
Classified as an institution of public utility, the BIAL Foundation includes among its patrons the Portuguese President, the Portuguese Universities Rectors' Council and the Portuguese Medical Association.
URL: http://www.bial.com/pt/
Accessibility: By permission

Reference code: PT/FB/BL
Entity holding: BIAL Foundation
Title: BIAL Grants
Start date: 1994
History:
In 1994 the BIAL Foundation launched a programme of science research grants with the aim of encouraging the research into Man’s physical and mental processes, namely in fields still largely unexplored but which warrant further scientific analysis, as Psychophysiology and Parapsychology.
Since its launch, applications to the BIAL grants have been increasing. Up to now 461 projects have been supported, involving more than 1000 researchers from 27 countries.
The approved applications have benefited from grants in amounts comprised between €5,000 and €50, 000. The amount to be granted is fixed by the Scientific board according to the needs of each project.
The supported projects have originated, until April 2013, in about 600 full papers, 172 out of which were published in indexed international journals with an average impact factor of 3.6 and a substantial number of citations (1665).
Among the BIAL Foundation fellows is worth highlighting the presence of scientists from prestigious universities from the United States, United Kingdom, Australia, Russia, Germany, Japan, France, Canada, and many others.
The BIAL grants are promoted biannually.

Reference code: PT/FB/BL-2024
Location: BF-GMS
Title:
2024 Grants
Start date: 2025-01

Reference code: PT/FB/BL-2024-326
Location: BF-GMS
Title:
326 - Digital doppelgänger: Psychophysiological exploration of encounters with contrarian AI
Duration: 2025-07
Researcher(s):
Emily S. Cross, Manuel Hendry, Andrea Orlandi
Institution(s): Department of Humanities, Social and Political Sciences, ETH Zurich (Switzerland); Institute for the Performing Arts and Film, Zurich University of the Arts (Switzerland)
Contents: Contents:
Application form
Correspondence
Research Funding Agreement
Article
Language: eng
Notes:
Ongoing project
Author: Cross, E. S.
Secondary author(s):
Hendry, M., Orlandi, A.
Number of reproductions:
1
Keywords:
Social perception / Human-AI interaction / Emotion perception / Multi-psychophysiological methods / Psychophysiology

Reference code: PT/FB/BL-2024-326.02
Location: BF-GMS
Title:
The influence of human agency beliefs on ascribing gaze-signalled communicative intent
Publication year: 2025
URL:
https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-22810-9
Abstract/Results: ABSTRACT:
Communication with artificial agents, such as virtual characters and social robots, is becoming more prevalent, making it crucial to understand how their behaviours can best support social interaction. Eye gaze is a key communicative behaviour, as it signals attention and intentions. Prior research shows that perceiving an agent as sentient affects how its gaze is interpreted. This study examined how such beliefs affect the interpretation of gaze as a signal of communicative intent. In a semi-interactive online task, 160 participants viewed a virtual agent exhibiting dynamic gaze sequences. Each trial varied whether eye contact occurred and whether the agent looked at the same object twice. Participants judged whether the agent was requesting help or merely inspecting the object. Beliefs about the agent’s sentience (human- or AI-controlled) were also manipulated. Results showed that when gaze cues were ambiguous, participants were more likely to ascribe communicative intent if they believed the agent was human-controlled compared to when they believed the agent was AI-controlled. Subjective ratings also indicated a general preference for human-controlled agents. These findings underscore the influence of user expectations on interpreting gaze in artificial agents.
Accessibility: Document exists in file
Language:
eng
Author:
Hechler, F. C.
Secondary author(s):
Tidoni, E., Cross, E. S., Caruana, N.
Document type:
Article-d
Number of reproductions:
1
Percentiles:
0.00|0.00
Reference:
Hechler, F. C., Tidoni, E., Cross, E. S., & Caruana, N. (2025). The influence of human agency beliefs on ascribing gaze-signalled communicative intent. Scientific Reports, 15(1), 36296. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-22810-9
2-year Impact Factor: 3.9|2024
Impact factor notes: Impact factor not available yet for 2025
Times cited: 0|2026-02-17
Indexed document: Yes
Quartile: Q1
Keywords: Eye contact / Communicative intent / Human–AI interaction / Artificial intelligence / Joint attention / Intentional stance

The influence of human agency beliefs on ascribing gaze-signalled communicative intent

The influence of human agency beliefs on ascribing gaze-signalled communicative intent
DocumentAutistic and nonautistic people evaluate eye contact cues in context to identify communicative opportunities2025

Reference code: PT/FB
Entity holding: BIAL Foundation
Location: S. Mamede do Coronado
Title:
BIAL Foundation Archive
Start date: 1994
History:
The BIAL Foundation was created in 1994 by Laboratórios BIAL in conjunction with the Council of Rectors of Portuguese Universities. BIAL’s Foundation mission is to foster the scientific study of Man from both the physical and spiritual perspectives.
Along the years the BIAL Foundation has developed an important relationship with the scientific community, first in Portugal and after worldwide. Today it is an institution of reference which aims to stimulate new researches that may help people, promote more health and contribute to new milestones to gain access to knowledge.
Among its activities the BIAL Foundation manages the BIAL Award, created in 1984, one of the most important awards in the Health field in Europe. The BIAL Award rewards both the basic and the clinical research distinguishing works of major impact in medical research.
The BIAL Foundation also assigns Scientific Research Scholarships for the study of neurophysiological and mental health in people, arousing the interest of researchers in the areas of Psychophysiology and Parapsychology.
To date the BIAL Foundation has supported 461 projects, more than 1000 researchers, with research groups in twenty-seven countries, resulting, until April 2013, in about 600 full papers, out of which 172 published in indexed international journals with an average impact factor of 3.6 and a substantial number of citations (1665).
Since 1996 the BIAL Foundation organizes the Symposia entitled "Behind and Beyond the Brain", a Forum that gathers well renowned neurosciences speakers and the BIAL Foundation Fellows which are spread around the world.
Classified as an institution of public utility, the BIAL Foundation includes among its patrons the Portuguese President, the Portuguese Universities Rectors' Council and the Portuguese Medical Association.
URL: http://www.bial.com/pt/
Accessibility: By permission

Reference code: PT/FB/BL
Entity holding: BIAL Foundation
Title: BIAL Grants
Start date: 1994
History:
In 1994 the BIAL Foundation launched a programme of science research grants with the aim of encouraging the research into Man’s physical and mental processes, namely in fields still largely unexplored but which warrant further scientific analysis, as Psychophysiology and Parapsychology.
Since its launch, applications to the BIAL grants have been increasing. Up to now 461 projects have been supported, involving more than 1000 researchers from 27 countries.
The approved applications have benefited from grants in amounts comprised between €5,000 and €50, 000. The amount to be granted is fixed by the Scientific board according to the needs of each project.
The supported projects have originated, until April 2013, in about 600 full papers, 172 out of which were published in indexed international journals with an average impact factor of 3.6 and a substantial number of citations (1665).
Among the BIAL Foundation fellows is worth highlighting the presence of scientists from prestigious universities from the United States, United Kingdom, Australia, Russia, Germany, Japan, France, Canada, and many others.
The BIAL grants are promoted biannually.

Reference code: PT/FB/BL-2024
Location: BF-GMS
Title:
2024 Grants
Start date: 2025-01

Reference code: PT/FB/BL-2024-326
Location: BF-GMS
Title:
326 - Digital doppelgänger: Psychophysiological exploration of encounters with contrarian AI
Duration: 2025-07
Researcher(s):
Emily S. Cross, Manuel Hendry, Andrea Orlandi
Institution(s): Department of Humanities, Social and Political Sciences, ETH Zurich (Switzerland); Institute for the Performing Arts and Film, Zurich University of the Arts (Switzerland)
Contents: Contents:
Application form
Correspondence
Research Funding Agreement
Article
Language: eng
Notes:
Ongoing project
Author: Cross, E. S.
Secondary author(s):
Hendry, M., Orlandi, A.
Number of reproductions:
1
Keywords:
Social perception / Human-AI interaction / Emotion perception / Multi-psychophysiological methods / Psychophysiology

Reference code: PT/FB/BL-2024-326.03
Location: BF-GMS
Title:
Autistic and nonautistic people evaluate eye contact cues in context to identify communicative opportunities
Publication year: 2025
URL:
https://doi.org/10.1037/xhp0001385
Abstract/Results: ABSTRACT:
Effective gaze-based joint attention requires distinguishing between communicative gaze and private gaze. Eye contact and repeated averted gaze shifts to the same location are key cues for gaze-based communication, but the temporal and perceptual dynamics of these cues in signaling communicative intent remain unclear. This study examines three perceptual properties of dynamic eye gaze displays and their influence on the perception of communicative intent. Autistic and nonautistic participants completed a semi-interactive task with an onscreen agent displaying dynamic eye movements searching for an object. Participants decided whether the agent was privately inspecting the objects or requesting the participant to “give” them one (i.e., attempting to communicate). We manipulated whether the agent displayed eye contact, made repeated gaze shifts at the same object, and the duration of gaze displays. We measured the frequency of “give” responses (indexing perceived communicative intent) and reaction times (indexing response certainty/bias). Participants were most likely to perceive communicative intent following displays comprising eye contact and repeated gaze. Gaze duration was a less potent signal, but increased perceptions of communicative intent in the absence of eye contact and repeated gaze. Autistic and nonautistic participants exhibited similar patterns, challenging the view that autistic people have broad “deficits” in understanding social gaze cues.
Accessibility: Document exists in file
Language:
eng
Author:
Hechler, F. C.
Secondary author(s):
Tidoni, E., Stark, C., Aitken, K., Cross, E. S., Caruana, N.
Document type:
Article-d
Number of reproductions:
1
Percentiles:
0.00|0.00
Reference:
Hechler, F. C., Tidoni, E., Stark, C., Aitken, K., Cross, E. S., & Caruana, N. (2025). Autistic and nonautistic people evaluate eye contact cues in context to identify communicative opportunities. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance. Advance online publication. https://doi.org/10.1037/xhp0001385
2-year Impact Factor: 2.3|2024
Impact factor notes: Impact factor not available yet for 2025
Times cited: 0|2026-02-17
Indexed document: Yes
Quartile: Q2
Keywords: Eye gaze / Communicative intent / Human–computer interaction / Joint attention / Autism

Autistic and nonautistic people evaluate eye contact cues in context to identify communicative opportunities

Autistic and nonautistic people evaluate eye contact cues in context to identify communicative opportunities